经典电动力学中的规范不变性
Gauge Invariance in Classical Electrodynamics
摘要：
经典电动力学中规范不变性的概念默认麦克斯韦方程组有唯一解。通过计算洛伦兹和库仑规范中运动粒子的电磁场，直接从场方程出发，我们得到了矛盾的解。我们的结论是，唯一性的默认假设是不合理的。这种失败的原因可以追溯到非齐次波动方程，该方程将传播场和它们的源同时联系起来。
英文摘要：
The concept of gauge invariance in classical electrodynamics assumes tacitly that Maxwell's equations have unique solutions. By calculating the electromagnetic field of a moving particle both in Lorenz and in Coulomb gauge and directly from the field equations we obtain, however, contradicting solutions. We conclude that the tacit assumption of uniqueness is not justified. The reason for this failure is traced back to the inhomogeneous wave equations which connect the propagating fields and their sources at the same time.
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