20世纪30年代初的中子物理学
Neutron physics in the early 1930s
摘要：
曙光中子物理学比人们想象的要复杂得多。中子由一个质子和一个电子组成的可能性在发现中子后被广泛地考虑了。此外，铍辐射的成分一直不确定，直到人们意识到铍辐射既包括中子又包括伽马射线。中子与物质和原子核的相互作用很快就被研究了。空间对称性、电荷对称性和核反应对称性很快就出现了。此外，还评述了负β衰变与核中中子丰度的关系。α粒子引发的正β放射性最终被宣布，这在几周前就已经被预测到了。不久之后，加速的氘核和质子被发现能有效地诱导放射性。罗马的物理研究所准备开始研究中子，但显然它最初只计划通过α诱导的放射性。如果是这样的话，那么国外实验室取得的一些新结果最终将费米转化为中子就似乎是合理的。费米的发现中子感生的放射性审查方面的调查，然后电流，再次显示简单的费米的方式做物理学的一个独特的特点。
英文摘要：
Dawning neutron physics was more complex than one might expect. The chance that the neutron comprised a proton and an electron was diffusely taken into account after the discovery of the neutron. Moreover, uncertainties persisted about the composition of beryllium radiation until it was realized that the latter comprised both neutrons and gamma-rays. The interaction of neutrons with matter and nuclei was soon investigated. Both a spatial symmetry, a symmetry of charge, and a symmetry in the nuclear reactions soon emerged. The relation of negative beta-decay to the neutron abundance in nuclei was moreover reviewed. Positive beta-radioactivity induced by alpha-particles was eventually announced, having been foreseen some weeks before. Accelerated deutons and protons shortly afterwards revealed to be efficient in inducing radioactivity. The physics institute in Rome got ready to start research on neutrons, but apparently it only planned to go through alpha-induced radioactivity, at first. If so, it is then plausible that some new results achieved by foreign laboratories eventually bent Fermi to neutrons. Fermi's discovery of neutron-induced radioactivity is reviewed with regard to investigations then current, once more showing simplicity as a distinctive trait of Fermi's way of doing physics.
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