论赫兹关于电磁相互作用传播实验的本质不完整性
On Essential Incompleteness of Hertz's Experiments on Propagation of Electromagnetic Interactions
摘要：
本文从相互作用问题的不同研究方法之间的对立观点出发，重新回顾了19世纪电磁理论的历史背景。19世纪的电动力学成为检验现有相互作用概念的最重要的战场。赫兹的实验旨在为其中之一提供坚实的实验证据。现代科学方法应用于分析赫兹的实验方法，以及他的实验室笔记，日记和私人信件的分析表明，赫兹的“\textit{crucial}“实验不能被认为是决定性的，在许多点上，因为它通常是暗示。我们发现，替代亥姆霍兹的电动力学并不矛盾的任何赫兹的横向分量的实验观察麦克斯韦理论预测。此外，正如我们现在知道，从最近出版的赫兹的日记和私人笔记，他的第一个实验结果表明，明确的无限传播率。然而，赫兹的实验没有提供进一步明确的信息，非局部纵向分量，这是这样一个重要特征的亥姆霍兹的理论。本文从现代科学方法的立场出发，讨论了在充分考虑电磁相互作用的情况下，进行决策的充分必要条件。
英文摘要：
The historical background of the 19th century electromagnetic theory is revisited from the standpoint of the opposition between alternative approaches in respect to the problem of interactions. The 19th century electrodynamics became the battle-field of a paramount importance to test existing conceptions of interactions. Hertz's experiments were designed to bring a solid experimental evidence in favor of one of them. The modern scientific method applied to analyze Hertz's experimental approach as well as the analysis of his laboratory notes, dairy and private letters show that Hertz's "\textit{crucial}" experiments cannot be considered as conclusive at many points as it is generally implied. We found that alternative Helmholtz's electrodynamics did not contradict any of Hertz's experimental observations of transverse components as Maxwell's theory predicted. Moreover, as we now know from recently published Hertz's dairy and private notes, his first experimental results indicated clearly on infinite rate of propagation. Nevertheless, Hertz's experiments provided no further explicit information on non-local longitudinal components which were such an essential feature of Helmholtz's theory. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a decisive choice on the adequate account of electromagnetic interactions are discussed from the position of modern scientific method.
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