基本单位：物理和计量
Fundamental units: physics and metrology
摘要：
本文结合理论物理学和现代计量学的成就讨论了基本单位问题。一方面，由于原子钟的精确度令人着迷，传统的宏观计量标准（秒、米、千克）正在让位于基于基本自然单位的标准：光速$c$和作用量子$h$。另一方面，引力常量$G$的精度很差，它被广泛认为是定义“理论立方体”和未来"万物理论“的单位，不允许使用$G$作为计量学中的基本尺寸常数。国际单位制中的电磁单位实际上是基于前相对论经典电动力学的概念，如以太、真空的电容率和磁导率。结束语是专门的术语混乱，伴随着基础物理学和计量学的进步。
英文摘要：
The problem of fundamental units is discussed in the context of achievements of both theoretical physics and modern metrology. On one hand, due to fascinating accuracy of atomic clocks, the traditional macroscopic standards of metrology (second, metre, kilogram) are giving way to standards based on fundamental units of nature: velocity of light $c$ and quantum of action $h$. On the other hand, the poor precision of gravitational constant $G$, which is widely believed to define the ``cube of theories'' and the units of the future ``theory of everything'', does not allow to use $G$ as a fundamental dimensional constant in metrology. The electromagnetic units in SI are actually based on concepts of prerelativistic classical electrodynamics such as ether, electric permitivity and magnetic permeability of vacuum. Concluding remarks are devoted to terminological confusion which accompanies the progress in basic physics and metrology.
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