从希腊人的周转圆到开普勒的椭圆--圆范式的崩溃
From the epicycles of the Greeks to Kepler's ellipse - The breakdown of the circle paradigm
摘要：
从公元前2世纪到17世纪初，地中海沿岸的人们的天文学思想中一直认为，天体必须在圆形轨道上或在圆形轨道组成的路径上运动。建立在这样一个假设基础上的数学模型，即本轮理论的各种版本和修正版，至少在18个世纪以来，从依巴谷到开普勒，一直被当作所有天文计算的方案。众所周知，在《新天文学》（1609年）中，开普勒成功地建立了两个定律，这两个定律以他的名字命名为开普勒第一定律和开普勒第二定律。他通过放弃圆范式所进行的革命具有根本的重要性，代表了牛顿理论不可或缺的前提。这场革命是开普勒称之为他对火星的“战争”的结果，如果人们考虑到与开普勒之前的天体运动学有关的突破，那么这场革命通常被低估了。在“Astronomia Nova”中，我们协助开普勒试图为火星获得与第谷·布拉赫观测结果一致的轨道。经过几个阶段和一步一步丢弃hypoteses这给结果与意见相反，开普勒到达建立火星围绕太阳的轨道是一个椭圆形。这里的一个esposition是给予这项工作的分析开普勒这是，在科学史上，早期的例子之一，严格设立了一个模型，正确地解释了实验结果。
英文摘要：
The principle that celestial bodies must move on circular orbits or on paths resulting from the composition of circular orbits has been assumed as a constant guide in the astronomical thougth of the peoples facing the Mediterranean sea as from the second century B.C. until the beginning of the XVII century. The mathematical model based on such an assumption, the theory of epicycles in all its versions and modifications, has been taken as a scheme for all astronomical calculations during at least eighteen centuries, from Hipparcus to Kepler. As it is known, in Astronomia Nova (1609), Kepler succeded to establish the two laws which after him were named the first and the second Kepler's laws. The revolution he performed by giving up the circle paradigm is of fundamental importance and represents the indispensable premise to Newtonian theory. This revolution, the result of what Kepler called his "war" against Mars, is usually underestimated if one considers the break carried out with respect to the pre-Kepler celestial kinematics. In "Astronomia Nova" we assist to the attempt of Kepler to get for Mars an orbit consistent with the results of Tycho Brahe's observations. Passing through several phases and step by step discarding the hypoteses wich gave results in contrast with observations, Kepler arrived at establishing that the orbit of Mars around the Sun is an ellipse. Here an esposition is given of this work of analysis by Kepler wich is, in the history of science, one of the early examples of rigorous setting up of a model which correctly explains the experimental results.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
