生物化学热力学中自由能和熵的性质探讨
Inquiries into the Nature of Free Energy and Entropy in Respect to Biochemical Thermodynamics
摘要：
从经典热力学的观点出发，详细地研究了自由能和熵.该方法在逻辑上是基于这样的事实，即通过非热能自发地转化为热能以及热能自发地且均匀地分布在可进入空间内的趋势，热动力学功由热能介导。事实上，自由能是第二定律，消耗能源，使它有可能在有限的速率做热力学工作。熵，如最初定义的那样，被指出是相对于温度隐藏的热能的容量因子;它用于评估热能的实际质量，并解释保持在恒定温度下的系统中潜在的热能量的变化。一个主要的目标是澄清的手段，自由能转移和保守的生物反应序列耦合自由扩散的中间体。为了达到这一目的，人们发现有必要区分所有第一定律能量所具有的“特征自由能”（其数量等于能量本身的数量）和“浓度自由能”（其本质上是机械的，相对难以捉摸，因为它看起来不含第一定律能量）。这方面的发现有助于澄清这样一个事实，即化学势能沿着上述生物反应的序列从一个储存库转移到另一个储存库，是通过第一定律能量作为热能转移和第二定律能量作为浓度自由能转移而发生的。
英文摘要：
Free energy and entropy are examined in detail from the standpoint of classical thermodynamics. The approach is logically based on the fact that thermodynamic work is mediated by thermal energy through the tendency for nonthermal energy to convert spontaneously into thermal energy and for thermal energy to distribute spontaneously and uniformly within the accessible space. The fact that free energy is a Second-Law, expendable energy that makes it possible for thermodynamic work to be done at finite rates is emphasized. Entropy, as originally defined, is pointed out to be the capacity factor for thermal energy that is hidden with respect to temperature; it serves to evaluate the practical quality of thermal energy and to account for changes in the amounts of latent thermal energies in systems maintained at constant temperature. A major objective was to clarify the means by which free energy is transferred and conserved in sequences of biological reactions coupled by freely diffusible intermediates. In achieving this objective it was found necessary to distinguish between a 'characteristic free energy' possessed by all First-Law energies in amounts equivalent to the amounts of the energies themselves and a 'free energy of concentration' that is intrinsically mechanical and relatively elusive in that it can appear to be free of First-Law energy. The findings in this regard serve to clarify the fact that the transfer of chemical potential energy from one repository to another along sequences of biological reactions of the above sort occurs through transfer of the First-Law energy as thermal energy and transfer of the Second-Law energy as free energy of concentration.
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