创新者和解释者：女性在科学中的历史角色
Innovators and Interpreters: The Historic Role of Women in Science
摘要：
直到本世纪，在职女科学家的数量一直不确定。主流观点认为，由于各种原因，妇女在数学和科学领域历来表现不佳。这些因素包括结婚和生育的社会压力，女性缺乏系统的科学教育，以及机构和行业缺乏机会。直到最近，妇女还不能控制自己的经济生活，因此，如果她们想进入学术界，就得依赖丈夫、父亲或兄弟的善意。很多时候，他们的成就，以及这些合作亲戚的成就，变得如此融合，以至于无法区分。尽管如此，在所有这些不利因素的作用下，历史记录了偶尔的明星。她们的日记、回忆录和通信详细描述了她们的角色与现代女科学家的角色之间的相似性和差异，在她们自己的心目中，以及在最接近她们的人的评价中。在科学中，存在着理解自己的宇宙的愿望和改变他人理解的愿望之间的二分法。这两个基本的愿望引导未来的科学家的纪律。从历史上看，妇女的作用在很大程度上是解释性的，而不是创新性的，根据她们自己的估计。但是，解释是女性科学家的“自然”角色吗？
英文摘要：
Until this century, the number of working female scientists has been indeterminate. Prevailing wisdom indicates that women, historically, have not excelled in the mathematics and sciences, for various reasons. These range from societal pressures to marry and bear children, to a lack of systematic scientific education for females, to the lack of opportunity in institutions and industry. Women, until comparatively recently, were not in control of their own financial lives, and were therefore dependent upon the goodwill of a husband, father or brother, should they attempt to enter academic life. Many times, their accomplishments, and the accomplishments of these collaborating relatives, become so merged as to become indistinguishable. Nevertheless, with all these factors working against them, history records an occasional bright star. Their diaries, memoirs and correspondence detail both the similarities and the differences between their roles and the roles of modern female scientists, in their own minds, and in the estimation of those closest to them. There exists, in science, a dichotomy between the desire to understand one's universe, and the desire to change the understanding of others. These two fundamental desires lead future scientists to the discipline. Historically, the role of women has largely been interpretive, rather than innovative, by their own estimation. But is interpretation the "natural" role of women scientists?
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
