We answer several questions of V. Tkačuk from [Point-countable $π$-bases in first countable and similar spaces, Fund. Math. 186 (2005), pp. 55--69.] by showing that
(1) there is a ZFC example of a first countable, 0-dimensional Hausdorff space with no point-countable $π$-base (in fact, the order of any $π$-base of the space is at least $\aleph_ω$);
(2) if there is a $κ$-Suslin line then there is a first countable GO space of cardinality $κ^+$ in which the order of any $π$-base is at least $κ$;
(3) it is consistent to have a first countable, hereditarily Lindel\" of regular space having uncountable $π$-weight and $ω_1$ as a caliber (of course, such a space cannot have a point-countable $π$-base).
A cuf space (set, resp.) is a space (set, resp.) which is a countable union of finite subspaces (subsets, resp.). It is proved in $\mathbf{ZF}$ (with the absence of the axiom of choice) that all countable unions of cuf (denumerable, resp.) sets are cuf sets iff all countable products of cofinite cuf (denumerable, resp.) spaces are quasi-metrizable iff all countable products of one-point Hausdorff compactifications of infinite cuf (denumerable, resp.) spaces are quasi-metrizable. A countable product of one-point Hausdorff compactifications of denumerable discrete spaces is first-countable iff i…
We give a short proof, that can be used in an introductory real analysis course, that if a function that is defined on the set of real numbers is continuous on a countable dense set, then it is continuous on an uncountable set. This is done for functions defined on complete metric spaces without isolated points, and the argument only uses that Cauchy sequences converge, and we prove the version related to Volterra's theorem. We discuss how this theorem is a direct consequence of the Baire category theorem, and also discuss Volterra's theorem and the history of this problem. We conclude with a …
We give the first example of a locally quasi-convex (even countable reflexive and $k_ω$) abelian group $G$ which does not admit the strongest compatible locally quasi-convex group topology. Our group $G$ is the Graev free abelian group $A_G(\mathbf{s})$ over a convergent sequence $\mathbf{s}$.
For any composant $E \subset \mathbb H^*$ and corresponding near-coherence class $\mathscr E \subset ω^*$ we prove the following are equivalent : (1) $E$ properly contains a dense semicontinuum. (2) Each countable subset of $E$ is contained in a dense proper semicontinuum of $E$. (3) Each countable subset of $E$ is disjoint from some dense proper semicontinuum of $E$. (4) $\mathscr E $ has a minimal element in the finite-to-one monotone order of ultrafilters. (5) $\mathscr E $ has a $Q$-point. A consequence is that NCF is equivalent to $\mathbb H^*$ containing no proper dense semicontinuum and…
We investigate whether an arbitrary base for a dense-in-itself topological space can be partitioned into two bases. We prove that every base for a T_3 Lindelöf topology can be partitioned into two bases while there exists a consistent example of a first countable, 0-dimensional, Hausdorff space of size continuum and weight ω_1 which admits a point countable base without a partition to two bases. Several related results are proved and the paper finishes with a list of open problems.
As it was introduced by Tkachuk and Wilson, a topological space $X$ is cellular-compact if given any cellular, i.e. disjoint, family $\mathcal U$ of non-empty open subsets of $X$ there is a compact subspace $K\subset X$ such that $K\cap U\ne \emptyset$ for each $U\in \mathcal U$. Answering several questions raised by Tkachuk and Wilson we show that (1) any first countable cellular-compact $T_2$ space is $T_3$, and so its cardinality is at most $\mathfrak{c} = 2^ω$; (2) $cov(\mathcal M)>ω_1$ implies that every first countable and separable cellular-compact $T_2$ space is compact; (3 if there is…
We show that even for subsets X of the real line which do not contain perfect sets, the Hurewicz property does not imply the property S1(Gamma,Gamma), asserting that for each countable family of open gamma-covers of X, there is a choice function whose image is a gamma-cover of X. This settles a problem of Just, Miller, Scheepers, and Szeptycki. Our main result also answers a question of Bartoszynski and Tsaban, and implies that for C_p(X), the conjunction of Sakai's strong countable fan tightness and the Reznichenko property does not imply Arhangelskii's property alpha_2.
The study of the sobriety of Scott spaces has got an relative long history in domain theory. Lawson and Hoffmann independently proved that the Scott space of every continuous directed complete poset (usually called domain) is sober. Johnstone constructed the first directed complete poset whose Scott space is non-sober. Not long after, Isbell gave a complete lattice with non-sober Scott space. Based on Isbell's example, Xu, Xi and Zhao showed that there is even a complete Heyting algebra whose Scott space is non-sober. Achim Jung then asked whether every countable complete lattice has a sober S…
Given a Tychonoff space $X$, let $F(X)$ and $A(X)$ be respectively the free topological group and the free Abelian topological group over $X$ in the sense of Markov. In this paper, we consider two topological properties of $F(X)$ or $A(X)$, namely the countable tightness and $\mathfrak G$-base. We provide some characterizations of the countable tightness and $\mathfrak G$-base of $F(X)$ and $A(X)$ for various special classes of spaces $X$. Furthermore, we also study the countable tightness and $\mathfrak G$-base of some $F_{n}(X)$ of $F(X)$.
This article fits in the context of the approach to topological problems in terms of the underlying convergence space structures, and serves as yet another illustration of the power of the method. More specifically, we spell out convergence-theoretic characterizations of the notions of weak base, weakly first-countable space, semi-metrizable space, and symmetrizable spaces. With the help of the already established similar characterizations of the notions of Fréchet-Ursyohn, sequential, and accessibility spaces, we give a simple algebraic proof of a classical result regarding when a symmetrizab…
The main result of this article is: THEOREM. Every homogeneous locally conical connected separable metric space that is not a $1$-manifold is strongly $n$-homogeneous for each $n \geq 2$ and countable dense homogeneous. Furthermore, countable dense homogeneity can be proven without assuming the space is connected. This theorem has the following two consequences. COROLLARY 1. If $X$ is a homogeneous compact suspension, then $X$ is an absolute suspension (i.e., for any two distinct points $p$ and $q$ of $X$, there is a homeomorphism from $X$ to a suspension that maps $p$ and $q$ to the suspensio…
Let T be the family of open subsets of a topological space (not necessarily Hausdorff or even T_0). We prove that if T has a countable base and is not countable, then T has cardinality at least continuum.
In the paper, we investigate (scattered) compact spaces with a $P$-base for some poset $P$. More specifically, we prove that, under the assumption $ω_1<\mathfrak{b}$, any compact space with an $ω^ω$-base is first-countable and any scattered compact space with an $ω^ω$-base is countable. These give positive solutions to Problems 8.6.9 and 8.7.7 in \cite{Banakh2019}. Using forcing, we also prove that in a model of $ω_1<\mathfrak{b}$, there is a non-first-countable compact space with a $P$-base for some poset $P$ with calibre~$ω_1$.
A topological gyrogroup is a gyrogroup endowed with a topology such that the binary operation is jointly continuous and the inverse mapping is also continuous. In this paper, it is proved that if $G$ is a sequential topological gyrogroup with an $ω^ω$-base, then $G$ has the strong Pytkeev property. Moreover, some equivalent conditions about $ω^ω$-base and strong Pytkeev property are given in Baire topological gyrogroups. Finally, it is shown that if $G$ is a strongly countably complete strongly topological gyrogroup, then $G$ contains a closed, countably compact, admissible subgyrogroup $P$ su…
In the absence of the axiom of choice, new results concerning sequential, Fréchet-Urysohn, $k$-spaces, very $k$-spaces, Loeb and Cantor completely metrizable spaces are shown. New choice principles are introduced. Among many other theorems, it is proved in $\mathbf{ZF}$ that every Loeb, $T_3$-space having a base expressible as a countable union of finite sets is a metrizable second-countable space whose every $F_σ$-subspace is separable; moreover, every $G_δ$-subspace of a second-countable, Cantor completely metrizable space is Cantor completely metrizable, Loeb and separable. It is also notic…
We study spaces that can be mapped onto the Baire space (i.e. the countable power of the countable discrete space) by a continuous quasi-open bijection. We give a characterization of such spaces in terms of Souslin schemes and call these spaces $π$-spaces. We show that every space that has a Lusin $π$-base is a $π$-space and that every second-countable $π$-space has a Lusin $π$-base. The main result of this paper is a characterization of continuous open images of $π$-space.
In the absence of the Axiom of Choice, necessary and sufficient conditions for a locally compact Hausdorff space to have all non-empty second-countable compact Hausdorff spaces as remainders are given in $\mathbf{ZF}$. Among other independence results, the characterization of locally compact Hausdorff spaces having all non-empty metrizable compact spaces as remainders, obtained by Hatzenhuhler and Mattson in $\mathbf{ZFC}$, is proved to be independent of $\mathbf{ZF}$. Urysohn's Metrization Theorem is generalized to the following theorem: every $T_3$-space which admits a base expressible as a …
We study the heredity of the classes of generalized metric spaces (for example, spaces with a $σ$-hereditarily closure-preserving $k$-network, spaces with a point-countable base, spaces with a base of countable order, spaces with a point-regular base, Nagata-spaces, $c$-semi-stratifiable spaces, $γ$-spaces, semi-metrizable spaces) to the hyperspaces of nonempty compact subsets and finite subsets with the Vietoris topology.
As defined in [1], a Hausdorff space is strongly anti-Urysohn (in short: SAU) if it has at least two non-isolated points and any two infinite} closed subsets of it intersect. Our main result answers the two main questions of [1] by providing a ZFC construction of a locally countable SAU space of cardinality $2^{\mathfrak{c}}$. The construction hinges on the existence of $2^{\mathfrak{c}}$ weak P-points in $ω^*$, a very deep result of Ken Kunen. It remains open if SAU spaces of cardinality $> 2^{\mathfrak{c}}$ could exist, while it was shown in [1] that $2^{2^{\mathfrak{c}}}$ is an upper bound.…
A 1910 theorem of Brouwer characterizes the Cantor set as the unique totally disconnected, compact metric space without isolated points. A 1920 theorem of Sierpinski characterizes the rationals as the unique countable metric space without isolated points. The purpose of this exposition is to give an accessible overview of this celebrated pair of uniqueness results. It is illuminating to treat the problems simultaneously because of commonalities in their proofs. Some of the more counterintuitive implications of these results are explored through examples. Additionally, near-examples are provide…
We work in set-theory without choice $\ZF$. Given a closed subset $F$ of $[0,1]^I$ which is a bounded subset of $\ell^1(I)$ ({\em resp.} such that $F \subseteq \ell^0(I)$), we show that the countable axiom of choice for finite subsets of $I$, ({\em resp.} the countable axiom of choice $\ACD$) implies that $F$ is compact. This enhances previous results where $\ACD$ ({\em resp.} the axiom of Dependent Choices $\DC$) was required. Moreover, if $I$ is linearly orderable (for example $I=\IR$), the closed unit ball of $\ell^2(I)$ is weakly compact (in $\ZF$).
We extend the scope of B. Shapirovskii's results [B.E Shapirovskii, "Cardinal invariants in Compact Hausdorff Spaces," Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. (2) Vol. 134, 1987, pp. 93-118] on the order of $π$-bases in compact spaces and answer some questions of V. Tkachuk in [V.V. Tkachuk, "Point-countable pi-bases in first-countable and similar spaces," Fund. Math. 186 (2005), pp.55-69].
In this paper,\ the authors define a space with an uniform base at non-isolated points, give some characterizations of images of metric spaces by boundary-compact maps, and study certain relationship among spaces with special base properties.\ The main results are the following: (1)\ $X$ is an open,\ boundary-compact image of a metric space if and only if $X$ has an uniform base at non-isolated points; (2)\ Each discretizable space of a space with an uniform base is an open compact and at most boundary-one image of a space with an uniform base; (3)\ $X$ has a point-countable base if and only i…
A combinatorial principle CECA is formulated and its equivalence with GCH+ certain weakenings of Box_lambda for singular lambda is proved. CECA is used to show that certain ``almost point- < tau'' families can be refined to point- < tau families by removing a small set from each member of the family. This theorem in turn is used to show the consistency of ``every first countable T_1-space with a weakly uniform base has a point-countable base.''
The enumeration degrees of sets of natural numbers can be identified with the degrees of difficulty of enumerating neighborhood bases of points in a universal second-countable $T_0$-space (e.g. the $ω$-power of the Sierpiński space). Hence, every represented second-countable $T_0$-space determines a collection of enumeration degrees. For instance, Cantor space captures the total degrees, and the Hilbert cube captures the continuous degrees by definition. Based on these observations, we utilize general topology (particularly non-metrizable topology) to establish a classification theory of enume…
