等待调控序列的出现
Waiting for regulatory sequences to appear
摘要：
对于人类和黑猩猩之间的重大生物差异，一个可能的解释是基因调控发生了变化。鉴于我们对转录因子结合位点的了解，这就引发了下面的概率问题：给定我们基因组中的1000个核苷酸区域，一个特定的6到9个字母的单词需要多长时间才能出现在某个个体的该区域？Stone and Wray（英语：Stone and Wray）生物学评价18（2001）1764--1770]计算了5,950年作为六个字母单词的答案。在这里，我们将证明，对于长度为6的单词，平均等待时间是10万年，而对于长度为8的单词，当在群体一致序列中有8个字母中的7个匹配时（概率约为5/16的事件），等待时间的平均值为375，000年，当没有匹配时，平均值为650百万年。幸运的是，在生物现实中，与目标词的匹配并不一定要完美才能发生绑定。如果我们说8个字母中有7个匹配就足够好，那么平均值就会减少到大约60，000年。
英文摘要：
One possible explanation for the substantial organismal differences between humans and chimpanzees is that there have been changes in gene regulation. Given what is known about transcription factor binding sites, this motivates the following probability question: given a 1000 nucleotide region in our genome, how long does it take for a specified six to nine letter word to appear in that region in some individual? Stone and Wray [Mol. Biol. Evol. 18 (2001) 1764--1770] computed 5,950 years as the answer for six letter words. Here, we will show that for words of length 6, the average waiting time is 100,000 years, while for words of length 8, the waiting time has mean 375,000 years when there is a 7 out of 8 letter match in the population consensus sequence (an event of probability roughly 5/16) and has mean 650 million years when there is not. Fortunately, in biological reality, the match to the target word does not have to be perfect for binding to occur. If we model this by saying that a 7 out of 8 letter match is good enough, the mean reduces to about 60,000 years.
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