There are local operators on (labeled) graphs $G$ with labels $(g_{ij})$ coming from a finite field. If the filed is binary, in other words, if the graph is ordinary, the operation is just the local complementation. That is, to choose a vertex and complement the subgraph induced by its neighbors. But, in the general case, there are two different types of operators. The first type is the following. Let $v$ be a vertex of the graph and $a\in \mathbf{F}_q$, the finite field of $q$ elements. The operator is to obtain a graph with labels $g'_{ij}=g_{ij}+ag_{vi}g_{vj}$. For the second type of operators, let $0\neq b\in \mathbf{F}_q$ and the resulted graph is a graph with labels $g''_{vi}=bg_{vi}$ and $g''_{ij}=g_{ij}$, for $i,j$ unequal to $v$.
The local complementation operator (binary case) has appeared in combinatorial theory, and its properties have studied in the literature. Recently, a profound relation between local operators on graphs and quantum stabilizer codes has been found, and it has become a natural question to recognize equivalency classes under these operators. In the present article, we show that the number of graphs locally equivalent to a given graph is at most $q^{2n+1}$, and consequently, the number of classes of local equivalency is $q^{\frac{n^2}{2}-o(n)}$.
We give combinatorial proofs of some enumeration formulas involving labelled threshold, quasi-threshold, loop-threshold and quasi-loop-threshold graphs. In each case we count by number of vertices and number of components. For threshold graphs, we also count by number of dominating vertices, and for loop-threshold graphs we count by number of looped dominating vertices. We also obtain an analog of the Frobenius formula (connecting Eulerian numbers and Stirling numbers of the second kind) in the context of labelled threshold graphs.
The simple permutations in two permutation classes --- the 321-avoiding permutations and the skew-merged permutations --- are enumerated using a uniform method. In both cases, these enumerations were known implicitly, by working backwards from the enumeration of the class, but the simple permutations had not been enumerated explicitly. In particular, the enumeration of the simple skew-merged permutations leads to the first truly structural enumeration of this class as a whole. The extension of this method to a wider collection of classes namely grid classes of infinite paths is discussed.
Each graph and choice of a commutative ring gives rise to an associated graphical group. In this article, we introduce and investigate graph polynomials that enumerate conjugacy classes of graphical groups over finite fields according to their sizes.
This article, dedicated to Herbert Saul Wilf on the occaison of his forthcoming 80-th birthday, describes two complementary approaches to enumeration, the "positive" and the "negative", each with its advantages and disadvantages. Both approaches are amenable to automation, and when applied to the currently active subarea, initiated in 2003 by Sergi Elizalde and Marc Noy, of enumerating consecutive-Wilf classes (i.e. consecutive pattern-avoidance) in permutations, were successfully pursued by DZ's two current PhD students, Andrew Baxter and Brian Nakamura. The Maple packages SERGI and ELIZALDE,…
Enumerating Pattern-Avoiding Involutions using Combinatorial Exploration
School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Keele University（基尔大学计算机科学与数学学院）；School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne（墨尔本大学数学与统计学院）；Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Marquette University（马凯特大学数学与统计科学系）
In order to understand the parameter space of monic and centered complex polynomial vector fields of degree d in the complex plane, decomposed by the combinatorial classes of the vector fields, it is interesting to know the number of loci in parameter space consisting of vector fields with the same combinatorial data (corresponding to topological classification with fixed separatrices at infinity). This paper answers questions posed by Adam L. Epstein and Tan Lei about the total number of combinatorial classes and the number of combinatorial classes corresponding to loci of a specific (real) d…
By extending the notion of grid classes to include infinite grids, we establish a structural characterisation of the simple permutations in Av(4231, 35142, 42513, 351624), a pattern class which has three different connections with algebraic geometry, including the specification of indices of Schubert varieties defined by inclusions. This characterisation leads to the enumeration of the class.
Given k sets such that no one is contained in another, there is an associated lattice on the power set P([k]) corresponding to inclusion relations among unions of the sets. Two lattices on P([k]) are equivalent if there is a permutation of [k] under which they correspond. We show that for k=1, 2, 3, and 4, there are 1, 1, 4, and 50 equivalence classes of lattices on P([k]) obtained from sets in this way. We cannot find a reference to previous work on this enumeration problem in the literature, and so wish to introduce it for subsequent investigation. We explain how the problem arose from algeb…
One of our result is that 5 measurable sets in $R^8$ always admit an equipartition by 2 hyperplanes. This is an instance of a general equipartition problem (formulated by B. Gr{\" u}nbaum and H. Hadwiger) which can be reduced to the question of (non)existence of a $W_k$-equivariant map where $W_k$ is the group of symmetries of a $k$-cube. We show that the computation of relevant cohomology/bordism obstruction classes often reduces to the question of enumerating the classes of immersed curves in $\mathbb{R}^2$ with a prescribed type and number of intersections with the coordinate axes, which in…
A rack of order $n$ is a binary operation $\rack$ on a set $X$ of cardinality $n$, such that right multiplication is an automorphism. More precisely, $(X,\rack)$ is a rack provided that the map $x\mapsto x\rack y$ is a bijection for all $y\in X$, and $(x\rack y)\rack z=(x\rack z)\rack (y\rack z)$ for all $x,y,z\in X$. The paper provides upper and lower bounds of the form $2^{cn^2}$ on the number of isomorphism classes of racks of order $n$. Similar results on the number of isomorphism classes of quandles and kei are obtained. The results of the paper are established by first showing how an arb…
Iowa State University（爱荷华州立大学）；Tufts University（塔夫茨大学）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Westminster College（威斯敏斯特学院）；University of Kentucky（肯塔基大学）；Duke University（杜克大学）
本文通过 juggler 状态形式化方法，结合组合工具，推导了 b 球素模式的下界，并计算了多种 juggler 变体的精确计数。
Recently, it has been determined that there are 242 Wilf classes of triples of 4-letter permutation patterns by showing that there are 32 non-singleton Wilf classes. Moreover, the generating function for each triple lying in a non-singleton Wilf class has been explicitly determined. In this paper, toward the goal of enumerating avoiders for the singleton Wilf classes, we obtain the generating function for all but one of the triples containing 1324. (The exceptional triple is conjectured to be intractable.) Our methods are both combinatorial and analytic, including generating trees, recurrence …
We deduce a formula enumerating the isomorphism classes of extensions of a $\kp$-adic field $K$ with given ramification $e$ and inertia $f$. The formula follows from a simple group-theoretic lemma, plus the Krasner formula and an elementary class field theory computation. It shows that the number of classes only depends on the ramification and inertia of the extensions $K/\Q_p$, and $K(ζ_{p^m})/K$ obtained adding the $p^m$-th roots of 1, for all $p^m$ dividing $e$.
We develop a theory of average sizes of kernels of generic matrices with support constraints defined in terms of graphs and hypergraphs. We apply this theory to study unipotent groups associated with graphs. In particular, we establish strong uniformity results pertaining to zeta functions enumerating conjugacy classes of these groups. We deduce that the numbers of conjugacy classes of $\mathbf{F}_q$-points of the groups under consideration depend polynomially on $q$. Our approach combines group theory, graph theory, toric geometry, and $p$-adic integration. Our uniformity results are in line …
