Saharon Shelah, Jindrich Zapletal
We consider natural cardinal invariants hm_n and prove several duality theorems, saying roughly: if I is a suitably definable ideal and provably cov(I)>=hm_n, then non(I) is provably small. The proofs integrate the determinacy theory, forcing and pcf theory.
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Weak diamond and pcf theory
本文利用弱钻石原则推导出pcf(𝔞)的基数上界，并证明在温和假设下许多奇异基数ℵ_δ满足2^{ℵ_δ}<ℵ_{(|δ|^{+3})}。
The additivity spectrum ADD(I) of an ideal I is the set of all regular cardinals kappa such that there is an increasing chain {A_alpha:alpha<kappa\} in the ideal I such that the union of the chain is not in I. We investigate which set A of regular cardinals can be the additivity spectrum of certain ideals. Assume that I=B or I=N, where B denotes the sigma-ideal generated by the compact subsets of the Baire space omega^omega, and N is the ideal of the null sets. For countable sets we give a full characterization of the additivity spectrum of I: a non-empty countable set A of uncountable regular…
We deal with several pcf problems; we characterize another version of exponentiation: number of kappa-branches in a tree with lambda nodes, deal with existence of independent sets in stable theories, possible cardinality of ultraproduct, the depth of ultraproducts of Boolean Algebras. Also we give cardinal invariant for each lambda with pcf restriction and investigate further T_D(f) .
The following pcf results are proved: 1. Assume that kappa > aleph_0 is a weakly compact cardinal. Let mu > 2^kappa be a singular cardinal of cofinality kappa. Then for every regular lambda < pp^+_{Gamma(kappa)} (mu) there is an increasing sequence (lambda_i | i < kappa) of regular cardinals converging to mu such that lambda = tcf(prod_{i < kappa} lambda_i, <_{J^{bd}_kappa}). 2. Let mu be a strong limit cardinal and theta a cardinal above mu. Suppose that at least one of them has an uncountable cofinality. Then there is sigma_* < mu such that for every chi < theta the following holds: theta > …
We mainly investigate model of set theory with restricted choice, e.g., ZF + DC + "the family of countable subsets of lambda is well ordered for every lambda" (really local version for a given lambda). In this frame much of pcf theory can be generalized. E.g., there is a class of regular cardinals, and we can prove cardinal inequality.
In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the Tukey order and PCF theory, as applied to sets of regular cardinals. We show that it is consistent that for all sets $A$ of regular cardinals that the Tukey spectrum of $A$, denoted $\operatorname{spec}(A)$, is equal to the set of possible cofinalities of $A$, denoted $\operatorname{pcf}(A)$; this is to be read in light of the $\mathsf{ZFC}$ fact that $\operatorname{pcf}(A)\subseteq\operatorname{spec}(A)$ holds for all $A$. We also prove results about when regular limit cardinals must be in the Tukey spectrum or must be out of the Tuke…
We prove the following two results. Theorem A: Let alpha be a limit ordinal. Suppose that 2^{|alpha|}<aleph_alpha and 2^{|alpha|^+}<aleph_{|alpha|^+}, whereas aleph_alpha^{|alpha|}>aleph_{|alpha|^+}. Then for all n< omega and for all bounded X subset aleph_{|alpha|^+}, M_n^#(X) exists. Theorem B: Let kappa be a singular cardinal of uncountable cofinality. If {alpha<kappa| 2^alpha=alpha^+} is stationary as well as co-stationary then for all n< omega and for all bounded X subset kappa, M_n^#(X) exists. Theorem A answers a question of Gitik and Mitchell, and Theorem B yields a lower bound for an …
Unlimited accumulation by the Shelah's PCF operator
本文基于大基数存在性假设，构建了一个集合论模型，证明了存在某个正则基数集合 $B$，使得其 PCF 算子迭代序列在所有序数上严格递增，从而回答了相关文献的遗留问题。
The pcf theory of non fixed points
本文研究非阿列夫函数不动点的奇异基数上各种伪幂函数的取值问题，属于pcf理论范畴。
It is known that the set of possible cofinalities $\mathrm{pcf}(A)$ has good properties if $A$ is a progressive interval of regular cardinals. In this paper, we give an interval of regular cardinals $A$ such that $\mathrm{pcf}(A)$ has no good properties in the presense of a measurable cardinal, or in generic extensions by Prikry-type forcing.
This paper deals with variety of problems in pcf theory and infinitary combinatorics. We look at normal filters and prc, measures of the size of [lambda]^{<kappa}, pcf-inaccessibility, entangled orders (and narrow Boolean Algebras), measuring prod_{i<kappa}f(i) by a family of ideals and a family of sequences <B_i:i<kappa> with |B_i|<mu_i, and finally we deal with the existence of strongly almost disjoint families.
We present a survey of some results of the pcf-theory and their applications to cardinal arithmetic. We review basics notions (in section 1), briefly look at history in section 2 (and some personal history in section 3). We present main results on pcf in section 5 and describe applications to cardinal arithmetic in section 6. The limitations on independence proofs are discussed in section 7, and in section 8 we discuss the status of two axioms that arise in the new setting. Applications to other areas are found in section 9.
We prove that the statement "for every infinite cardinal nu, every graph with list chromatic nu has coloring number at most beth_omega (nu)" proved by Kojman [6] using the RGCH theorem [11] implies the RGCG theorem via a short forcing argument. Similarly, a better upper bound than beth_omega (nu) in this statement implies stronger forms of the RGCH theorem hold, whose consistency and the consistency of their negations are wide open. Thus, the optimality of Kojman's upper bound is a purely cardinal arithmetic problem, and, as discussed below, is hard to decide.
We prove the consistency of a strong polarized relation for a cardinal and its successor, using pcf and forcing
We prove a compactness theorem for pseudopower operations of the form $pp_{Γ(μ,σ)}(μ)$ where $\aleph_0<σ=cf(σ)\leq cf(μ)$. Our main tool is a result that has Shelah's cov vs. pp Theorem as a consequence. We also show that the failure of compactness in other situations has significant consequences for pcf theory, in particular, implying the existence of a progressive set $A$ of regular cardinals for which $pcf(A)$ has an inaccessible accumulation point.
We prove that for every singular cardinal mu of cofinality omega, the complete Boolean algebra compP_mu(mu) contains as a complete subalgebra an isomorphic copy of the collapse algebra Comp Col(omega_1,mu^{aleph_0}). Consequently, adding a generic filter to the quotient algebra P_mu(mu)=P(mu)/[mu]^{<mu} collapses mu^{aleph_0} to aleph_1. Another corollary is that the Baire number of the space U(mu) of all uniform ultrafilters over mu is equal to omega_2. The corollaries affirm two conjectures by Balcar and Simon. The proof uses pcf theory.
Whenever I is a projectively generated projectively defined sigma ideal on the reals, if ZFC+large cardinals proves cov(I)=continuum then ZFC+large cardinals proves non(I)<aleph four.
The Birkhoff--Kakutani Theorem asserts that a topological group is metrizable if and only if it has countable character. We develop and apply tools for the estimation of the character for a wide class of nonmetrizable topological groups. We consider abelian groups whose topology is determined by a countable cofinal family of compact sets. These are the closed subgroups of Pontryagin--van Kampen duals of \emph{metrizable} abelian groups, or equivalently, complete abelian groups whose dual is metrizable. By investigating these connections, we show that also in these cases, the character can be e…
Noetherian type and Noetherian $π$-type are two cardinal functions which were introduced by Peregudov in 1997, capturing some properties studied earlier by the Russian School. Their behavior has been shown to be akin to that of the \emph{cellularity}, that is the supremum of the sizes of pairwise disjoint non-empty open sets in a topological space. Building on that analogy, we study the Noetherian $π$-type of $κ$-Suslin Lines, and we are able to determine it for every $κ$ up to the first singular cardinal. We then prove a consequence of Chang's Conjecture for $\aleph_ω$ regarding the Noetheria…
Foreman proved the Duality Theorem, which gives an algebraic characterization of certain ideal quotients in generic extensions. As an application he proved that generic supercompactness of $ω_1$ is preserved by any proper forcing. We generalize portions of Foreman's Duality Theorem to the context of generic extender embeddings and ideal extenders (as introduced by Claverie in his PhD Thesis, Universitat Munster, 2010). As an application we prove that if $ω_1$ is generically strong, then it remains so after adding any number of Cohen subsets of $ω_1$; however many other $ω_1$-closed posets---su…
We consider mainly the following version of set theory:"ZF + DC and for every $λ,λ^{\aleph_0}$ is well ordered", our thesis is that this is a reasonable set theory, e.g. much can be said. In particular, we prove that for a sequence $\barδ= \langle δ_s:s \in Y\rangle,\textrm{cf}(δ_s)$ large enough compared to $Y$, we can prove the pcf theorem with minor changes (using true cofinalities not the pseudo one). We then deduce the existence of covering numbers and define and prove existence of truly successor cardinals. From this we show that some diagonalization arguments (more specifically some bla…
We prove that a large class of presaturated ideals at inaccessible cardinals can be de-saturated while preserving their presaturation, answering both a question of Foreman and of Cox and Eskew. We do so by iterating a generalized version of Baumgartner and Taylor's forcing to add a club with finite conditions along an inaccessible cardinal, and invoking Foreman's Duality Theorem.
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