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arXiv math/0005029math.NTcs.NAmath.AGmath.NA
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计算算术几何 I:接近多项式层次的句子

Computational Arithmetic Geometry I: Sentences Nearly in the Polynomial Hierarchy

J. Maurice Rojas

AI总结:

本文研究丢番图问题的平均情况复杂性,证明问题(I)在coNP内,问题(II)在广义黎曼猜想下属于多项式层次第三层,并建议避免在密码系统中使用此类问题。

摘要:

我们考虑一些原本不可判定或开放的丢番图问题的平均情况复杂性。更精确地说,考虑以下问题:(I) 给定多项式 f ∈ Z[v,x,y],判定句子 ∃v ∀x ∃y f(v,x,y)=0,其中三个量词均取值于 N(或 Z)。(II) 给定多项式 f_1,...,f_m ∈ Z[x_1,...,x_n],其中 m≥n,判定是否存在有理数解使得 f_1=...=f_m=0。我们证明,对于几乎所有输入,问题 (I) 可以在 coNP 内解决。问题 (I) 在 N 和 Z 上的可判定性此前是未知的。我们还证明,广义黎曼猜想 (GRH) 蕴含:对于几乎所有输入,问题 (II) 可以在复杂度类 PP^{NP^NP} 内解决,即多项式层次的第三层内。问题 (II) 的可判定性,即使在 m=n=2 的情况下,总体上仍然是开放的。在此过程中,我们证明了关于在 C、Q 和 Z/pZ 上多项式系统求解的结果。我们还证明了关于与稀疏多项式系统相关的伽罗瓦群的一个结果,该结果可能具有独立的意义。一个实际观察是,上述丢番图问题或许应避免用于构建密码系统。

英文摘要:

We consider the average-case complexity of some otherwise undecidable or open Diophantine problems. More precisely, consider the following: (I) Given a polynomial f in Z[v,x,y], decide the sentence \exists v \forall x \exists y f(v,x,y)=0, with all three quantifiers ranging over N (or Z). (II) Given polynomials f_1,...,f_m in Z[x_1,...,x_n] with m>=n, decide if there is a rational solution to f_1=...=f_m=0. We show that, for almost all inputs, problem (I) can be done within coNP. The decidability of problem (I), over N and Z, was previously unknown. We also show that the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH) implies that, for almost all inputs, problem (II) can be done via within the complexity class PP^{NP^NP}, i.e., within the third level of the polynomial hierarchy. The decidability of problem (II), even in the case m=n=2, remains open in general. Along the way, we prove results relating polynomial system solving over C, Q, and Z/pZ. We also prove a result on Galois groups associated to sparse polynomial systems which may be of independent interest. A practical observation is that the aforementioned Diophantine problems should perhaps be avoided in the construction of crypto-systems.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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