In the late 80s - early 90s J. Moser and A. P. Veselov considered Lagrangian discrete systems on Lie groups with additional symmetry conditions imposed on Lagrangians. They observed that such systems are often integrable time-discretizations of integrable Euler equations on these Lie groups. In recent papers we studied Lagrangian discrete systems with additional symmetry requirements on certain infinite-dimensional Lie groups. We will discuss some interesting properties of these systems.
We study Lagrangian time-discretizations of the Hunter-Saxton equation. Using the Moser-Veselov approach, we obtain such discretizations defined on the Virasoro group and on the group of orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of the circle. We conjecture that one of these discretizations is integrable.
This paper deals with a remarkable integrable discretization of the so(3) Euler top introduced by Hirota and Kimura. Such a discretization leads to an explicit map, whose integrability has been understood by finding two independent integrals of motion and a solution in terms of elliptic functions. Our goal is the construction of its Hamiltonian formulation. After giving a simplified and streamlined presentation of their results, we provide a bi-Hamiltonian structure for this discretization, thus proving its integrability in the standard Liouville-Arnold sense.
The n-dimensional extension of the one dimensional Position-dependent mass (PDM) Lagrangians under the nonlocal point transformations by Mustafa <cite>38</cite> is introduced. The invariance of the n-dimensional PDM Euler-Lagrange equations is examined using two possible/different PDM Lagrangian settings. Under the nonlocal point transformation of Mustafa <cite>38</cite>, we have shown that the PDM Euler-Lagrange invariance is only feasible for one particular PDM-Lagrangians settings. Namely, when each velocity component is deformed by some dimensionless scalar multiplier that renders the mass…
Application of the intersection theory to construction of n-point finite-difference equations associated with classical integrable systems is discussed. As an example, we present a few new discretizations of motion of the Euler top sharing the integrals of motion with the continuous time system and the Poisson bracket up to the integer scaling factor.
As is well known, there are different Lagrangians which lead to the same Euler-Lagrange operator. The gauge invariance of a Lagrangian guarantees that of the corresponding Euler-Lagrange operator, but not vice versa. We show that the gauge invariance of an Euler-Lagrange operator, but not a Lagrangian results in Noether conservation laws.
A general non-local point transformation for position-dependent mass Lagrangians and their mapping into a "constant unit-mass" Lagrangians in the generalized coordinates is introduced. The conditions on the invariance of the related Euler-Lagrange equations are reported. The harmonic oscillator linearization of the PDM Euler-Lagrange equations is discussed through some illustrative examples including harmonic oscillators, shifted harmonic oscillators, a quadratic nonlinear oscillator, and a Morse-type oscillator. The Mathews-Lakshmanan nonlinear oscillators are reproduced and some "shifted" Ma…
A relation between variational principles for equations of continuum mechanics in Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions is considered. It is shown that for a system of differential equations in Eulerian variables corresponding Lagrangian description is related to introducing nonlocal variables. The connection between these descriptions is obtained in terms of differential coverings. The relation between variational principles of a system of equations and its symplectic structures is discussed. It is shown that if a system of equations in Lagrangian variables can be derived from a variational pr…
Fractional mechanics describes both conservative and non-conservative systems. The fractional variational principles gained importance in studying the fractional mechanics and several versions are proposed. In classical mechanics the equivalent Lagrangians play an important role because they admit the same Euler-Lagrange equations. By adding a total time derivative of a suitable function to a given classical Lagrangian or by multiplying with a constant the Lagrangian we obtain the same equations of motion. In this study, the fractional discrete Lagrangians which differs by a fractional derivat…
The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian structures for an ideal gauge-charged fluid are determined. Using a Kaluza-Klein point of view, the equations of motion are obtained by Lagrangian and Poisson reductions associated to the automorphism group of a principal bundle. As a consequence of the Lagrangian approach, a Kelvin-Noether theorem is obtained. The Hamiltonian formulation determines a non-canonical Poisson bracket associated to these equations.
Flows of one-dimensional continuum in Lagrangian coordinates are studied in the paper. Equations describing these flows are reduced to a single Euler-Lagrange equation which contains two undefined functions. Particular choices of the undefined functions correspond to isentropic flows of an ideal gas, different forms of the hyperbolic shallow water equations. Complete group classification of the equation with respect to these functions is performed. Using Noether's theorem, all conservation laws are obtained. Their analogs in Eulerian coordinates are given.
Compatible discretizations, such as finite element exterior calculus, provide a discretization framework that respect the cohomological structure of the de Rham complex, which can be used to systematically construct stable mixed finite element methods. Multisymplectic variational integrators are a class of geometric numerical integrators for Lagrangian and Hamiltonian field theories, and they yield methods that preserve the multisymplectic structure and momentum-conservation properties of the continuous system. In this paper, we investigate the synthesis of these two approaches, by constructin…
A discrete version of Lagrangian reduction is developed in the context of discrete time Lagrangian systems on $G\times G$, where $G$ is a Lie group. We consider the case when the Lagrange function is invariant with respect to the action of an isotropy subgroup of a fixed element in the representation space of $G$. In this context the reduction of the discrete Euler-Lagrange equations is shown to lead to the so called discrete Euler-Poincaré equations. A constrained variational principle is derived. The Legendre transformation of the discrete Euler-Poincaré equations leads to discrete Hamiltoni…
In this article we derive the equations for a rotating stratified fluid governed by inviscid Euler-Boussinesq and primitive equations that account for the effects of the perturbations upon the mean. Our method is based on the concept of geometric generalized Lagrangian mean recently introduced by Gilbert and Vanneste, combined with generalized Taylor and horizontal isotropy of fluctuations as turbulent closure hypotheses. The models we obtain arise as Euler-Poincaré equations and inherit from their parent systems conservation laws for energy and potential vorticity. They are structurally and g…
In the first part of this paper we establish a uniqueness result for continuity equations with velocity field whose derivative can be represented by a singular integral operator of an $L^1$ function, extending the Lagrangian theory in \cite{BouchutCrippa13}. The proof is based on a combination of a stability estimate via optimal transport techniques developed in \cite{Seis16a} and some tools from harmonic analysis introduced in \cite{BouchutCrippa13}. In the second part of the paper, we address a question that arose in \cite{FilhoMazzucatoNussenzveig06}, namely whether 2D Euler solutions obtai…
In 1966, Arnold [1] showed that the Lagrangian flow of ideal incompressible fluids (described by Euler equations) coincide with the geodesic flow on the manifold of volume preserving diffeomorphisms of the fluid domain. Arnold's proof and the subsequent work on this topic rely heavily on the properties of Lie groups and Lie algebras which remain unfamiliar to most fluid dynamicists. In this note, we provide a simple derivation of Arnold's result which only uses the classical methods of calculus of variations. In particular, we show that the Lagrangian flow maps generated by the solutions of th…
We study the Euler-Lagrange equations for a parameter dependent $G$-invariant Lagrangian on a homogeneous $G$-space. We consider the pullback of the parameter dependent Lagrangian to the Lie group $G$, emphasizing the special invariance properties of the associated Euler-Poincaré equations with advected parameters.
The entropy conservative/stable algorithm of Friedrich~\etal (2018) for hyperbolic conservation laws on nonconforming p-refined/coarsened Cartesian grids, is extended to curvilinear grids for the compressible Euler equations. The primary focus is on constructing appropriate coupling procedures across the curvilinear nonconforming interfaces. A simple and flexible approach is proposed that uses interpolation operators from one element to the other. On the element faces, the analytic metrics are used to construct coupling terms, while metric terms in the volume are approximated to satisfy a disc…
We show that, for both scalar and spinor QED, the two-loop Euler-Heisenberg effective Lagrangian for a constant Euclidean self-dual background has an extremely simple closed-form expression in terms of the digamma function. Moreover, the scalar and spinor QED effective Lagrangians are very similar to one another. These results are dramatic simplifications compared to the results for other backgrounds. We apply them to a calculation of the low energy limits of the two-loop massive N-photon `all +' helicity amplitudes. The simplicity of our results can be related to the connection between self-d…
We analyze the structure of the imaginary part of the two-loop Euler-Heisenberg QED effective Lagrangian for a constant self-dual background. The novel feature of the two-loop result, compared to one-loop, is that the prefactor of each exponential (instanton) term in the imaginary part has itself an asymptotic expansion. We also perform a high-precision test of Borel summation techniques applied to the weak-field expansion, and find that the Borel dispersion relations reproduce the full prefactor of the leading imaginary contribution.
Because different constraints are imposed, stability conditions for dissipationless fluids and magnetofluids may take different forms when derived within the Lagrangian, Eulerian (energy-Casimir), or dynamical accessible frameworks. This is in particular the case when flows are present. These differences are explored explicitly by working out in detail two magnetohydrodynamic examples: convection against gravity in a stratified fluid and translationally invariant perturbations of a rotating magnetized plasma pinch. In this second example we show in explicit form how to perform the time-depende…
In this paper we provide a variational derivation of the Euler-Poincaré equations for systems subjected to external forces using an adaptation of the techniques introduced by Galley and others. Moreover, we study in detail the underlying geometry which is related to the notion of Poisson groupoid. Finally, we apply the previous construction to the formal derivation of the variational error for numerical integrators of forced Euler-Poincaré equations and the application of this theory to the derivation of geometric integrators for forced systems.
