Most MANET (Mobile Ad hoc NETwork) research assumes idealized propagation models. Experimental results have shown significant divergence from simulation results due to the effect of signal fading in realistic wireless communication channels. In this paper, we characterize the impact of fading on protocol performance. We first study the effect of fading on MAC performance and show that its effect can be dominating. One of our important conclusions is that eliminating RTS/CTS packets results in more effective operation under fading. We also identify an unfairness problem that arises due to backoffs in the presence of fading. Moreover, fading results in several subtle interactions between the MAC and routing layers. We identify several of these problems and make observations about effective approaches for addressing them. For example, the criteria for determining the best path should not only consider the link status but also the link order. In addition, because routing protocols rely on MAC level transmission failure (when the retry limit is exceeded), route failure errors are often generated unnecessarily. Finally, because MAC level broadcasts are unreliable, they are especially vulnerable to fading. We analyze these effects and outline preliminary solutions to them.
Connectivity analysis is a crucial metric for network performance in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). Although VANET connectivity has been intensively studied and investigated under no-fading channel models for their simplicity, these models do not represent real-world scenarios that suffer channel impairments. The connectivity probability in a multipath propagation environment is too challenging to be caught by a closed formula due to the emerging complexity associated with the randomness in a fading channel. This leads to contradicting statements about the impact of fading on VANET connec…
In this paper we discuss the state of the art of (mobile) multi-hop ad hoc networking with the aim to present the current status of the research activities and identify the consolidated research areas, with limited research opportunities, and the hot and emerging research areas for which further research is required. We start by briefly discussing the MANET paradigm, and why the research on MANET protocols is now a cold research topic. Then we analyze the active research areas. Specifically, after discussing the wireless-network technologies we analyze four successful ad hoc networking paradig…
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are self-configuring wireless networks that lack permanent infrastructure and are formed among mobile nodes on demand. Rapid node mobility results in dramatic channel variation, or fading, that degrades MANET performance. Employing channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter can improve the throughput of routing and medium access control (MAC) protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. Several routing algorithms in the literature explicitly incorporate the fading signal strength into the routing metric, thus selecting the routes with strong channel conditions.…
We propose a decentralized stochastic control solution for the broadcast message dissemination problem in wireless ad hoc networks with slow fading channels. We formulate the control problem as a dynamic robust game which is well justified by two key observations; first, the shared nature of the wireless medium which inevitably cross-couples the nodes' forwarding decisions, thus binding them together as strategic players; second, the stochastic dynamics associated with the link qualities which renders the transmission costs noisy, thus motivating a robust formulation. Given the non stationarit…
Ad-hoc Social Networks have become popular to support novel applications related to location-based mobile services that are of great importance to users and businesses. Unlike traditional social services using a centralized server to fetch location, ad-hoc social network services support infrastructure less real-time social networking. It allows users to collaborate and share views anytime anywhere. However, current ad-hoc social network applications are either not available without rooting the mobile phones or don't filter the nearby users based on common interests without a centralized serve…
The engineering vision of relying on the ``smart sky" for supporting air traffic and the ``Internet above the clouds" for in-flight entertainment has become imperative for the future aircraft industry. Aeronautical ad hoc Networking (AANET) constitutes a compelling concept for providing broadband communications above clouds by extending the coverage of Air-to-Ground (A2G) networks to oceanic and remote airspace via autonomous and self-configured wireless networking amongst commercial passenger airplanes. The AANET concept may be viewed as a new member of the family of Mobile ad hoc Networks (M…
Traditionally, wireless network protocols have been designed for performance. Subsequently, as attacks have been identified, patches have been developed. This has resulted in an "arms race" development process of discovering vulnerabilities and then patching them. The fundamental difficulty with this approach is that other vulnerabilities may still exist. No provable security or performance guarantees can ever be provided. We develop a system-theoretic approach to security that provides a complete protocol suite with provable guarantees, as well as proof of min-max optimality with respect to a…
The emerging paradigm of Information-Centric Networking is an exciting field of research, opening opportunities in many areas, such as forwarding strategies, caching placement policies, applications (e.g. video streaming and instant messaging), to name a few. In this paper, we address the mobility aspect of ICN, as well as how it performs in tactical wireless ad hoc environments. In this paper, we present results from a simulation study that investigates the performance of Named Data Networking, an instantiation of ICN, in such environments. We perform a series of simulations based on ndnSIM s…
Cities around the world are increasingly promoting electric vehicles (EV) to reduce and ultimately eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. For example, the city of San Francisco aims to increase the number of EVs from tens of thousands to over quarter of a million by 2025. This huge number of EVs will put unprecedented stress on the power grid. To efficiently serve the increased charging load, these EVs need to be charged in a coordinated fashion. One promising coordination strategy is vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging coordination, enabling EVs to sell their surplus energy in an ad-hoc, peer to p…
With the increasing availability of mobile devices that natively support Device-to-Device (D2D) communication protocols, we are presented with a unique opportunity to realize large scale ad hoc wireless networks. Recently, a novel D2D protocol named WiFi Direct has been proposed and standardized by the WiFi Alliance with the objective of facilitating the interconnection of nearby devices. However, WiFi Direct has been designed following a client-server hierarchical architecture, where a single device manages all the communications within a group of devices. In this paper, we propose and analyz…
IP networking deals with end-to-end communication where the network layer routing protocols maintain the reachability from one address to another. However, challenging environments, such as mobile ad-hoc networks or MANETs, lead to frequent path failures and changes between the sender and receiver, incurring higher packet loss. The obligatory route setup and maintenance of a device-to-device stable path in MANETs incur significant data retrieval delay and transmission overhead. Such overhead exaggerates the packet loss manifold. Named Data Networking (NDN) can avoid such delays and overhead an…
Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET) is a growing technology that can support the operation of adaptive wireless networks. With the increased demand rate of wireless applications it is useful to have more adaptive and self organizing technologies that adapt to changes within a network region. In this paper we initially present a brief listing of table driven ad hoc routing protocols and eventually analyze in detail the behaviour of demand driven ad hoc routing protocols like - Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)…
Volume and movement of data rapidly increasing in every type of data communications and networking, and ad hoc networks are not spared from these challenges. Traditional Multipath routing protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) did not focus on data load distribution and balancing as much as required. In this scheme, we have proposed data load distribution and balancing through multiple paths simultaneously. We have considered three important parameters of ad hoc network those are: mobility of node, the energy of node and packet drop rate at a node. This scheme combines these three metric…
Swarms of collaborating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that utilize ad-hoc networking technologies for coordinating their actions offer the potential to catalyze emerging research fields such as autonomous exploration of disaster areas, demanddriven network provisioning, and near field packet delivery in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs). As these mobile robotic networks are characterized by high grades of relative mobility, existing routing protocols often fail to adopt their decision making to the implied network topology dynamics. For addressing these challenges, we present Predict…
Geographic routing protocols greatly reduce the requirements of topology storage and provide flexibility in the accommodation of the dynamic behavior of ad hoc networks. This paper presents performance evaluations and comparisons of two geographic routing protocols and the popular AODV protocol. The trade-offs among the average path reliabilities, average conditional delays, average conditional number of hops, and area spectral efficiencies and the effects of various parameters are illustrated for finite ad hoc networks with randomly placed mobiles. This paper uses a dual method of closed-form…
In this paper, we develop a task-driven networking framework for Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs), where a coalition-based model is outlined. Firstly, we present a brief survey to show the state-of-the-art studies on the intra-communication of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms. The features and deficiencies of existing models are analyzed. To capture the task-driven requirement of the flying multi-agent system, a coalition-based framework is proposed. We discuss the composition, networking mode and the classification of data transmission. After that, the application scenario of UAV coalition…
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is one of the promising wireless networking approaches where a group of wireless devices can establish communication among themselves without any infrastructure. MANET has successfully been implemented in the emergency communication, battlefield and Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) etc. Recently, MANET has also been studied to establish village level off-the-grid telephony system using mobile phones (smartphones). As the mobile phones and other modern electronic devices are increasingly equipped with efficient wireless Wi-Fi devices, phone based MANET implementati…
The provision of reliable and efficient end-to-end communication within ground- and air-based mobile mesh networks is a major challenge for routing protocols due to the mobility-related dynamics of the channel properties and the resulting mesh network topology. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the novel Better Approach To Mobile Adhoc Networking (B.A.T.M.A.N.) V routing protocol for vehicular mesh networks and propose a mobility-predictive extension that explicitly addresses highly dynamic communication networks. In order to enable large-scale simulative analysis, we present an op…
The technology related to networking moves wired connection to wireless connection.The basic problem concern in the wireless domain, random packet loss for the end to end connection. In this paper we show the performance and the impact of the packet loss and delay, by the bit error rate throughput etc with respect to the real world scenario vehicular ad hoc network in 3-dimension space (VANET in 3D). Over the years software development has responded to the increasing growth of wireless connectivity in developing network enabled software. In this paper we consider the real world physical proble…
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of two or more devices or nodes or terminals with wireless communications and networking capability that communicate with each other without the aid of any centralized administrator also the wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to exchange information without using any existing fixed network infrastructure. And it's an autonomous system in which mobile hosts connected by wireless links are free to be dynamically and some time act as routers at the same time, and we discuss in this paper the distinct characteristics of traditional wire…
Apple Wireless Direct Link (AWDL) is a proprietary and undocumented wireless ad hoc protocol that Apple introduced around 2014 and which is the base for applications such as AirDrop and AirPlay. We have reverse engineered the protocol and explain its frame format and operation in our MobiCom '18 paper "One Billion Apples' Secret Sauce: Recipe of the Apple Wireless Direct Link Ad hoc Protocol." AWDL builds on the IEEE 802.11 standard and implements election, synchronization, and channel hopping mechanisms on top of it. Furthermore, AWDL features an IPv6-based data path which enables direct comm…
In Ad Hoc networks, route failure may occur due to less received power, mobility, congestion and node failures. Many approaches have been proposed in literature to solve this problem, where a node predicts pre-emptively the route failure that occurs with the less received power. However, this approach encounters some difficulties, especially in scenario without mobility where route failures may arise. In this paper, we propose an improvement of AODV protocol called LO-PPAODV (Link Quality and MAC-Overhead aware Predictive Preemptive AODV). This protocol is based on new metric combine more rout…
The objective of this analysis was to simulate the performance of three different ad-hoc protocols for disruption-tolerant networking (DTN) - i.e. the transfer of information through a network of nodes in contexts prone to signal interruption/signal degradation - and to perform a trade-off analysis that will yield a recommendation of the best course of action (COA) for a user of a space-based network to employ. This is important for space-based networks in particular since transmitting information over long distances - e.g. from directly from the initial node to the destination node - will res…
Ad hoc networking specific challenges foster a strong research effort on efficient protocols design. Routing protocols based on a self-organized structure have been studied principally for the robustness and the scalability they provide. On the other hand, self-organization schemes may decrease the network capacity since they concentrate the traffic on privileged links. This paper presents four models for evaluating the capacity of a routing schemes on 802.11 like networks. Our approach consists in modeling the radio resource sharing principles of 802.11 like MAC protocols as a set of linear c…
In Heterogeneous mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) congestion occurs with limited resources. Due to the shared wireless channel and dynamic topology, packet transmissions suffer from interference and fading. In heterogeneous ad hoc networks, throughput via a given route is depending on the minimum data rate of all its links. In a route of links with various data rates, if a high data rate node forwards more traffic to a low data rate node, there is a chance of congestion, which leads to long queuing delays in such routes. Since hop count is used as a routing metric in traditional routing, it do …
Advances in multimedia and ad-hoc networking have urged a wealth of research in multimedia delivery over ad-hoc networks. This comes as no surprise, as those networks are versatile and beneficial to a plethora of applications where the use of fully wired network has proved intricate if not impossible, such as prompt formation of networks during conferences, disaster relief in case of flood and earthquake, and also in war activities. It this paper, we aim to investigate the combined impact of network sparsity and network node density on the Peak Signal Noise to Ratio (PSNR) and jitter performan…
Geographic routing protocols greatly reduce the requirements of topology storage and provide flexibility in the accommodation of the dynamic behavior of mobile ad hoc networks. This paper presents performance evaluations and comparisons of two geographic routing protocols and the popular AODV protocol. The tradeoffs among the average path reliabilities, average conditional delays, average conditional numbers of hops, and area spectral efficiencies and the effects of various parameters are illustrated for finite ad hoc networks with randomly placed mobiles. This paper uses a dual method of clos…
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols have received a good deal of attention as researchers look to enhance overall performance of Ad Hoc networks by leveraging multi antenna enabled nodes. To date such MAC protocols have been evaluated through comparative simulation based studies that report on the number of concurrent links the protocol can support. However, a bound on the maximum number of concurrent links (MNCL) that a MIMO based MAC protocol should strive to achieve has hitherto been unavailable. In this paper we present a theoretical formulatio…
The pervasiveness of wireless communication recently gave mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) a significant researchers' attention, due to its innate capabilities of instant communication in many time and mission critical applications. However, its natural advantages of networking in civilian and military environments make them vulnerable to security threats. Support for an anonymity in MANET is an orthogonal to security critical challenge we faced in this paper. We propose a new anonymous authentication protocol for mobile ad hoc networks enhanced with a distributed reputation system. The main its…
Outage probabilities in wireless networks depend on various factors: the node distribution, the MAC scheme, and the models for path loss, fading and transmission success. In prior work on outage characterization for networks with randomly placed nodes, most of the emphasis was put on networks whose nodes are Poisson distributed and where ALOHA is used as the MAC protocol. In this paper we provide a general framework for the analysis of outage probabilities in the high-reliability regime. The outage probability characterization is based on two parameters: the intrinsic spatial contention $γ$ of…
Cooperative networking brings performance improvement to most of the issues in wireless networks, such as fading or delay due to slow stations. However, due to cooperation when data is relayed via other nodes, there network is more prone to attacks. Since, channel access is very important for cooperation, most of the attacks happens at MAC. One of the most critical attack is denial of service, which is reason of cooperation failure. Therefore, the cooperative network as well as simple wireless LAN must be defensive against DOS attacks. In this article we analyzed all possible of DoS attacks th…
The central issue in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) ad hoc networks is the prevention of a near-far problem. This paper considers two types of guard zones that may be used to control the near-far problem: a fundamental exclusion zone and an additional CSMA guard zone that may be established by the carrier-sense multiple-access (CSMA) protocol. In the exclusion zone, no mobiles are physically present, modeling the minimum physical separation among mobiles that is always present in actual networks. Potentially interfering mobiles beyond a transmitting mobile's exclusion …
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are a rapidly emerging technology offering fast and cost-effective solutions for many areas, including public safety, surveillance, and wireless networks. However, due to the highly dynamic network topology of UAVs, traditional mesh networking protocols, such as the Better Approach to Mobile Ad-hoc Networking (B.A.T.M.A.N.), are unsuitable. To this end, we investigate modifying the B.A.T.M.A.N. routing protocol with a machine learning (ML) model and propose implementing this solution using federated learning (FL). This work aims to aid the routing protocol to le…
The cardinal concept of TCP development was to carry data within the network where network congestion plays a vital role to cause packet loss. On the other hand, there are several other reasons to lose packets in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks due to fading, interfaces, multi-path routing, malicious node, and black hole. Along with throughput, fairness of TCP protocols is important to establish a good communication. In this paper, an empirical study has been done by simulation and analysis of TCP variations under AODV routing protocol. In our simulation, we studied multiple variations of TCP, such as …
