Cameras with rolling shutters are becoming more common as low-power, low-cost CMOS sensors are being used more frequently in cameras. The rolling shutter means that not all scanlines are exposed over the same time interval. The effects of a rolling shutter are noticeable when either the camera or objects in the scene are moving and can lead to systematic biases in projection estimation. We develop a general projection equation for a rolling shutter camera and show how it is affected by different types of camera motion. In the case of fronto-parallel motion, we show how that camera can be modeled as an X-slit camera. We also develop approximate projection equations for a non-zero angular velocity about the optical axis and approximate the projection equation for a constant velocity screw motion. We demonstrate how the rolling shutter effects the projective geometry of the camera and in turn the structure-from-motion.
School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学电子信息学院）
The vast majority of modern consumer-grade cameras employ a rolling shutter mechanism, leading to image distortions if the camera moves during image acquisition. In this paper, we present a novel deep network to solve the generic rolling shutter correction problem with two consecutive frames. Our pipeline is symmetrically designed to predict the global shutter image corresponding to the intermediate time of these two frames, which is difficult for existing methods because it corresponds to a camera pose that differs most from the two frames. First, two time-symmetric dense undistortion flows a…
Gwangju Institute of Science Technology (GIST)（光州科学技术院）
Relative pose estimation is a fundamental problem in computer vision and it has been studied for conventional global shutter cameras for decades. However, recently, a rolling shutter camera has been widely used due to its low cost imaging capability and, since the rolling shutter camera captures the image line-by-line, the relative pose estimation of a rolling shutter camera is more difficult than that of a global shutter camera. In this paper, we propose to exploit inertial measurements (gravity and angular velocity) for the rolling shutter relative pose estimation problem. The inertial measu…
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague（捷克理工大学电气工程学院）；ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；CIIRC, CTU in Prague（捷克理工大学捷克信息学、机器人与控制论研究所）；Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Czech Technical University in Prague（捷克理工大学捷克信息学、机器人与控制论研究所）
Most consumer cameras are equipped with electronic rolling shutter, leading to image distortions when the camera moves during image capture. We explore a surprisingly simple camera configuration that makes it possible to undo the rolling shutter distortion: two cameras mounted to have different rolling shutter directions. Such a setup is easy and cheap to build and it possesses the geometric constraints needed to correct rolling shutter distortion using only a sparse set of point correspondences between the two images. We derive equations that describe the underlying geometry for general and s…
The rolling shutter camera has received great attention due to its low cost imaging capability, however, the estimation of relative pose between rolling shutter cameras still remains a difficult problem owing to its line-by-line image capturing characteristics. To alleviate this problem, we exploit gyroscope measurements, angular velocity, along with image measurement to compute the relative pose between rolling shutter cameras. The gyroscope measurements provide the information about instantaneous motion that causes the rolling shutter distortion. Having gyroscope measurements in one hand, we…
Rolling shutter distortion is highly undesirable for photography and computer vision algorithms (e.g., visual SLAM) because pixels can be potentially captured at different times and poses. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network to predict depth and row-wise pose from a single image for rolling shutter correction. Our contribution in this work is to incorporate inertial measurement unit (IMU) data into the pose refinement process, which, compared to the state-of-the-art, greatly enhances the pose prediction. The improved accuracy and robustness make it possible for numerous vision algo…
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague（捷克理工大学电气工程学院）；ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；National Institute of Informatics（国立信息学研究所）；Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Czech Technical University in Prague（捷克理工大学捷克信息学、机器人与控制论研究所）
The internal geometry of most modern consumer cameras is not adequately described by the perspective projection. Almost all cameras exhibit some radial lens distortion and are equipped with an electronic rolling shutter that induces distortions when the camera moves during the image capture. When focal length has not been calibrated offline, the parameters that describe the radial and rolling shutter distortions are usually unknown. While for global shutter cameras, minimal solvers for the absolute camera pose and unknown focal length and radial distortion are available, solvers for the rollin…
Neglecting the effects of rolling-shutter cameras for visual odometry (VO) severely degrades accuracy and robustness. In this paper, we propose a novel direct monocular VO method that incorporates a rolling-shutter model. Our approach extends direct sparse odometry which performs direct bundle adjustment of a set of recent keyframe poses and the depths of a sparse set of image points. We estimate the velocity at each keyframe and impose a constant-velocity prior for the optimization. In this way, we obtain a near real-time, accurate direct VO method. Our approach achieves improved results on c…
Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；ARC Centre of Excellence for Robotic Vision（澳大利亚研究理事会机器人视觉卓越中心）
The vast majority of modern consumer-grade cameras employ a rolling shutter mechanism. In dynamic geometric computer vision applications such as visual SLAM, the so-called rolling shutter effect therefore needs to be properly taken into account. A dedicated relative pose solver appears to be the first problem to solve, as it is of eminent importance to bootstrap any derivation of multi-view geometry. However, despite its significance, it has received inadequate attention to date. This paper presents a detailed investigation of the geometry of the rolling shutter relative pose problem. We intro…
In this paper we deal with the initialization problem of a visual-inertial odometry system with rolling shutter cameras. Initialization is a prerequisite for using inertial signals and fusing them with visual data. We propose a novel statistical solution to the initialization problem on visual and inertial data simultaneously, by casting it into the renormalization scheme of Kanatani. The renormalization is an optimization scheme which intends to reduce the inherent statistical bias of common linear systems. We derive and present the necessary steps and methodology specific to the initializati…
Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）；Artisense Corporation（Artisense公司）
We present a direct visual-inertial odometry (VIO) method which estimates the motion of the sensor setup and sparse 3D geometry of the environment based on measurements from a rolling-shutter camera and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The visual part of the system performs a photometric bundle adjustment on a sparse set of points. This direct approach does not extract feature points and is able to track not only corners, but any pixels with sufficient gradient magnitude. Neglecting rolling-shutter effects in the visual part severely degrades accuracy and robustness of the system. In this p…
Modern automotive vehicles are often equipped with a budget commercial rolling shutter camera. These devices often produce distorted images due to the inter-row delay of the camera while capturing the image. Recent methods for monocular rolling shutter motion compensation utilize blur kernel and the straightness property of line segments. However, these methods are limited to handling rotational motion and also are not fast enough to operate in real time. In this paper, we propose a minimal solver for the rolling shutter motion compensation which assumes known vertical direction of the camera.…
Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）；the Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）
A single rolling-shutter (RS) image may be viewed as a row-wise combination of a sequence of global-shutter (GS) images captured by a (virtual) moving GS camera within the exposure duration. Although RS cameras are widely used, the RS effect causes obvious image distortion especially in the presence of fast camera motion, hindering downstream computer vision tasks. In this paper, we propose to invert the RS image capture mechanism, i.e., recovering a continuous high framerate GS video from two time-consecutive RS frames. We call this task the RS temporal super-resolution (RSSR) problem. The RS…
In this paper, we develop a modified differential Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm that can estimate relative pose from two consecutive frames despite of Rolling Shutter (RS) artifacts. In particular, we show that under constant velocity assumption, the errors induced by the rolling shutter effect can be easily rectified by a linear scaling operation on each optical flow. We further propose a 9-point algorithm to recover the relative pose of a rolling shutter camera that undergoes constant acceleration motion. We demonstrate that the dense depth maps recovered from the relative pose of th…
Self-supervised Learning of Event-guided Video Frame Interpolation for Rolling Shutter Frames
AI Thrust, HKUST(GZ)（香港科技大学（广州）人工智能方向）；school of software Shandong University（山东大学软件学院）；School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore（新加坡南洋理工大学电子与电气工程学院）
Center for Machine Perception, Czech Technical University in Prague（布拉格捷克理工大学机器感知中心）
A simple method for synchronization of video streams with a precision better than one millisecond is proposed. The method is applicable to any number of rolling shutter cameras and when a few photographic flashes or other abrupt lighting changes are present in the video. The approach exploits the rolling shutter sensor property that every sensor row starts its exposure with a small delay after the onset of the previous row. The cameras may have different frame rates and resolutions, and need not have overlapping fields of view. The method was validated on five minutes of four streams from an i…
In this paper, we present a novel linear algorithm to estimate the 6 DoF relative pose from consecutive frames of stereo rolling shutter (RS) cameras. Our method is derived based on the assumption that stereo cameras undergo motion with constant velocity around the center of the baseline, which needs 9 pairs of correspondences on both left and right consecutive frames. The stereo RS images enable the recovery of depth maps from the semi-global matching (SGM) algorithm. With the estimated camera motion and depth map, we can correct the RS images to get the undistorted images without any scene s…
The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；National Institute of Informatics（国立情报学研究所）
Joint rolling shutter correction and deblurring (RSCD) techniques are critical for the prevalent CMOS cameras. However, current approaches are still based on conventional energy optimization and are developed for static scenes. To enable learning-based approaches to address real-world RSCD problem, we contribute the first dataset, BS-RSCD, which includes both ego-motion and object-motion in dynamic scenes. Real distorted and blurry videos with corresponding ground truth are recorded simultaneously via a beam-splitter-based acquisition system. Since direct application of existing individual rol…
In this paper, we describe how the electronic rolling shutter in CMOS image sensors can be exploited using a bright, modulated light source (e.g., an inexpensive, off-the-shelf laser), to inject fine-grained image disruptions. We demonstrate the attack on seven different CMOS cameras, ranging from cheap IoT to semi-professional surveillance cameras, to highlight the wide applicability of the rolling shutter attack. We model the fundamental factors affecting a rolling shutter attack in an uncontrolled setting. We then perform an exhaustive evaluation of the attack's effect on the task of object…
Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University（清华大学深圳国际研究生院）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）
This paper proposes the first real-world rolling shutter (RS) correction dataset, BS-RSC, and a corresponding model to correct the RS frames in a distorted video. Mobile devices in the consumer market with CMOS-based sensors for video capture often result in rolling shutter effects when relative movements occur during the video acquisition process, calling for RS effect removal techniques. However, current state-of-the-art RS correction methods often fail to remove RS effects in real scenarios since the motions are various and hard to model. To address this issue, we propose a real-world RS co…
The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；RIISE；National Institute of Informatics（国立信息学研究所）；University of Maryland College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；Hefei Normal University（合肥师范学院）
Most computer vision systems assume distortion-free images as inputs. The widely used rolling-shutter (RS) image sensors, however, suffer from geometric distortion when the camera and object undergo motion during capture. Extensive researches have been conducted on correcting RS distortions. However, most of the existing work relies heavily on the prior assumptions of scenes or motions. Besides, the motion estimation steps are either oversimplified or computationally inefficient due to the heavy flow warping, limiting their applicability. In this paper, we investigate using rolling shutter wit…
In this paper we consider critical motion sequences (CMSs) of rolling-shutter (RS) SfM. Employing an RS camera model with linearized pure rotation, we show that the RS distortion can be approximately expressed by two internal parameters of an "imaginary" camera plus one-parameter nonlinear transformation similar to lens distortion. We then reformulate the problem as self-calibration of the imaginary camera, in which its skew and aspect ratio are unknown and varying in the image sequence. In the formulation, we derive a general representation of CMSs. We also show that our method can explain th…
Because image sensor chips have a finite bandwidth with which to read out pixels, recording video typically requires a trade-off between frame rate and pixel count. Compressed sensing techniques can circumvent this trade-off by assuming that the image is compressible. Here, we propose using multiplexing optics to spatially compress the scene, enabling information about the whole scene to be sampled from a row of sensor pixels, which can be read off quickly via a rolling shutter CMOS sensor. Conveniently, such multiplexing can be achieved with a simple lensless, diffuser-based imaging system. U…
Rolling Shutter (RS) cameras have become popularized because of low-cost imaging capability. However, the RS cameras suffer from undesirable artifacts when the camera or the subject is moving, or illumination condition changes. For that reason, Monocular Visual Odometry (MVO) with RS cameras produces inaccurate ego-motion estimates. Previous works solve this RS distortion problem with motion prediction from images and/or inertial sensors. However, the MVO still has trouble in handling the RS distortion when the camera motion changes abruptly (e.g. vibration of mobile cameras causes extremely f…
CTU in Prague（布拉格捷克理工大学）；National Institute of Informatics（国立信息学研究所）
This paper presents new efficient solutions to the rolling shutter camera absolute pose problem. Unlike the state-of-the-art polynomial solvers, we approach the problem using simple and fast linear solvers in an iterative scheme. We present several solutions based on fixing different sets of variables and investigate the performance of them thoroughly. We design a new alternation strategy that estimates all parameters in each iteration linearly by fixing just the non-linear terms. Our best 6-point solver, based on the new alternation technique, shows an identical or even better performance tha…
Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）；Artisense（Artisense公司）；Chair for Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany（慕尼黑工业大学信息学系计算机视觉与人工智能研究室）
Monocular visual odometry (VO) and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) have seen tremendous improvements in accuracy, robustness and efficiency, and have gained increasing popularity over recent years. Nevertheless, not so many discussions have been carried out to reveal the influences of three very influential yet easily overlooked aspects: photometric calibration, motion bias and rolling shutter effect. In this work, we evaluate these three aspects quantitatively on the state of the art of direct, feature-based and semi-direct methods, providing the community with useful practical k…
With the ubiquity of rolling shutter (RS) cameras, it is becoming increasingly attractive to recover the latent global shutter (GS) video from two consecutive RS frames, which also places a higher demand on realism. Existing solutions, using deep neural networks or optimization, achieve promising performance. However, these methods generate intermediate GS frames through image warping based on the RS model, which inevitably result in black holes and noticeable motion artifacts. In this paper, we alleviate these issues by proposing a context-aware GS video reconstruction architecture. It facili…
Physical adversarial examples for camera-based computer vision have so far been achieved through visible artifacts -- a sticker on a Stop sign, colorful borders around eyeglasses or a 3D printed object with a colorful texture. An implicit assumption here is that the perturbations must be visible so that a camera can sense them. By contrast, we contribute a procedure to generate, for the first time, physical adversarial examples that are invisible to human eyes. Rather than modifying the victim object with visible artifacts, we modify light that illuminates the object. We demonstrate how an att…
The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；National Institute of Informatics（国立信息学研究所）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）
Rolling shutter (RS) distortion can be interpreted as the result of picking a row of pixels from instant global shutter (GS) frames over time during the exposure of the RS camera. This means that the information of each instant GS frame is partially, yet sequentially, embedded into the row-dependent distortion. Inspired by this fact, we address the challenging task of reversing this process, i.e., extracting undistorted GS frames from images suffering from RS distortion. However, since RS distortion is coupled with other factors such as readout settings and the relative velocity of scene eleme…
CMOS sensors employ row-wise acquisition mechanism while imaging a scene, which can result in undesired motion artifacts known as rolling shutter (RS) distortions in the captured image. Existing single image RS rectification methods attempt to account for these distortions by either using algorithms tailored for specific class of scenes which warrants information of intrinsic camera parameters or a learning-based framework with known ground truth motion parameters. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end deep neural network for the challenging task of single image RS rectification. Our network…
The rolling shutter (RS) mechanism is widely used by consumer-grade cameras, which are essential parts in smartphones and autonomous vehicles. The RS effect leads to image distortion upon relative motion between a camera and the scene. This effect needs to be considered in video stabilization, structure from motion, and vision-aided odometry, for which recent studies have improved earlier global shutter (GS) methods by accounting for the RS effect. However, it is still unclear how the RS affects spatiotemporal calibration of the camera in a sensor assembly, which is crucial to good performance…
Combining cameras and inertial measurement units (IMUs) has been proven effective in motion tracking, as these two sensing modalities offer complementary characteristics that are suitable for fusion. While most works focus on global-shutter cameras and synchronized sensor measurements, consumer-grade devices are mostly equipped with rolling-shutter cameras and suffer from imperfect sensor synchronization. In this work, we propose a nonlinear optimization-based monocular visual inertial odometry (VIO) with varying camera-IMU time offset modeled as an unknown variable. Our approach is able to ha…
Self-supervised Learning to Bring Dual Reversed Rolling Shutter Images Alive
School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学计算机科学与技术学院）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）
Sensor Configuration Matters: A Systematic Evaluation of Multimodal SLAM on Quadruped Robots
Machine Intelligence and Robotics Lab, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)（卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院智能机器人实验室）；Institute for Intelligent Systems, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences（埃森堡应用科学大学智能系统研究所）；Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg（弗赖堡大学计算机科学系）
