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arXiv astro-ph/0103436astro-ph
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利用孤馀辉测量伽马射线暴聚束的困难

The difficulty in using orphan afterglows to measure gamma-ray burst beaming

Neal Dalal, Kim Griest, Jason Pruet

摘要:

如果伽马射线暴(GRB)的发射是强准直的,那么GRB在整个宇宙中的发生率要比探测到的高得多。由于从光学余辉的发射被认为是更各向同性比伽马射线发射,它已被假设,孤儿余辉(那些没有触发伽玛射线暴)的搜索将允许强有力的约束放置在伽玛射线暴准直的程度。我们在这里表明,在领先的模型的背景下,伽玛射线暴喷流演化,测量伽玛射线暴光束角使用光学孤儿搜索是非常困难的,也许是不可能的,在实践中。这是因为在GRB喷流的主导模型中,有效余辉光束角与小角度的喷流角成比例,因此检测到的孤儿余辉与GRB的比率与喷流开度角无关。因此,对于中等喷射角(例如20度),预期余辉检测的数量与任意小喷射角(<< 0.1度)相同。对于几乎各向同性的伽玛暴几何形状,或对于射电余辉搜索,其中喷流已成为非相对论性的,余辉伽玛暴的比率可以提供准直的信息。然而,使用一个简单的模型,我们估计孤儿检测在目前的超新星调查的预期数量,并发现这个数字是小于一个,所有的喷流张开角。即使对于未来的超新星调查,小的检测率和缺乏对准直角的依赖似乎破坏了用这种方法确定伽玛射线暴光束的前景。无线电搜索可能是找到失踪孤儿的最大希望。

英文摘要:

If gamma-ray burst (GRB) emission is strongly collimated then GRBs occur throughout the Universe at a rate much higher than is detected. Since the emission from the optical afterglow is thought to be more isotropic than the gamma-ray emission, it has been hypothesized that a search for orphan afterglows (those without the triggering GRB) would allow strong constraints to be placed on the degree of GRB collimation. We show here that, within the context of leading models of GRB jet evolution, measurement of the GRB beaming angle using optical orphan searches is extremely difficult, perhaps impossible in practice. This is because in the leading model of GRB jets, the effective afterglow beaming angle scales with the jet angle for small angles, and so the ratio of detected orphan afterglows to GRBs is independent of the jet opening angle. Thus, the number of expected afterglow detections is the same for moderate jet angles (e.g. 20 deg) as for arbitrarily small jet angles (<< 0.1 deg). For nearly isotropic GRB geometry, or for radio afterglow searches in which the jet has become non-relativistic, the ratio of afterglows to GRBs may give information on collimation. However, using a simple model we estimate the expected number of orphan detections in current supernova surveys, and find this number to be less than one, for all jet opening angles. Even for future supernova surveys, the small detection rate and lack of dependence on collimation angle appear to ruin the prospects of determining GRB beaming by this method. Radio searches may provide the best hope to find the missing orphans.

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