星系形态图谱：在COLIBRE模拟中连接现今星系致密性与并合历史及遗迹形成
Galactic Morpholography: Linking present-day galaxy compactness to assembly history and relic formation in the COLIBRE simulations
AI总结：
本研究利用COLIBRE模拟，提出形态图谱方法，通过六种示踪剂确定致密性阈值，结合遗迹度识别267个遗迹候选体，揭示现今星系结构保留并合历史的统计化石记录
摘要：
致密性被广泛用于识别候选遗迹星系，这些是最初致密大质量星系几乎未受扰动的幸存者。然而遗迹性是一种演化属性而非结构属性。我们利用COLIBRE宇宙学流体动力学模拟，检验现今结构是否能追溯星系形成与并合历史。六种互补示踪剂（恒星年龄、金属丰度、[Mg/Fe]、sSFR、速度弥散和异地质量分数）在恒星质量-大小平面上连贯变化，且能独立识别出特征致密性尺度：log₁₀(Σ₁.₅,crit/(M☉ kpc⁻¹.⁵))=9.75±0.10。我们将这种现今结构与并合历史之间的映射命名为形态图谱。将该阈值与量化早期快速恒星形成的遗迹度（DoR>0.6）相结合，我们区分致密星系与古老星系，并在两者的交集处识别出267个遗迹候选体。古老星系的异地质量分数范围几乎覆盖全部，从以原地形成为主到经历大量并合驱动增长。遗迹候选体集中在恒星质量约10¹⁰-10¹¹倍太阳质量处，其宿主黑洞比黑洞-恒星质量关系的中位数高约0.25-2.5 dex，且76%为卫星星系，优先处于星系团环境中。仅约3%显示出强潮汐剥离的证据，表明环境主要是保存而非产生类遗迹系统。约三分之一（87/267）是COLIBRE中识别出的z=2大质量宁静星系的直接后代。因此，现今结构保留了并合历史的统计化石记录，支持形态图谱作为近邻星系与早期宇宙之间的纽带。
英文摘要：
Compactness is widely used to identify candidate relic galaxies, the largely untouched survivors of the first compact massive galaxies. Yet relicness is an evolutionary rather than structural property. Using the COLIBRE cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, we test whether present-day structure traces galaxy formation and assembly histories. Six complementary tracers (stellar age, metallicity, [Mg/Fe], sSFR, velocity dispersion and ex-situ mass fraction) vary coherently across the stellar mass-size plane and independently identify a characteristic compactness scale of $\log_{10}(Σ_{1.5,\mathrm{crit}}/(\mathrm{M}_\odot\mathrm{kpc}^{-1.5}))=9.75\pm0.10$. We term this mapping between present-day structure and assembly history morpholography. Combining this threshold with the Degree of Relicness ($\mathrm{DoR}>0.6$), which quantifies early and rapid star formation, we distinguish compact from ancient galaxies and identify 267 relic candidates at their intersection. Ancient galaxies span nearly the full ex-situ-fraction range, from predominantly in-situ formation to substantial merger-driven growth. Relic candidates are concentrated at stellar masses of $\approx 10^{10}$-$10^{11}$ solar masses, host black holes that lie $\approx 0.25$-$2.5$ dex above the median black-hole-stellar-mass relation, and are predominantly satellites (76%), preferentially in cluster environments. Only $\approx 3$% show evidence of strong tidal stripping, suggesting that environment primarily preserves rather than creates relic-like systems. Approximately one third (87/267) are direct descendants of the $z=2$ massive quiescent galaxies identified in COLIBRE. Present-day structure thus retains a statistical fossil record of assembly history, supporting morpholography as a link between nearby galaxies and the early Universe.
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