发表机构
Hong Kong Baptist University; City University of Hong Kong（香港浸会大学; 香港城市大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
FlyMark是一种无需训练的3DGS隐形水印方法，将带密钥消息写入3DGS参数，基于果蝇连接组光感受器生成载体，提取仅需视锥查询等操作，在合成与真实场景中表现优异。
AI 中文摘要
已训练的3D高斯溅射（3DGS）场景以可移植参数数组形式交付，可在训练流程外被复制、修剪、重量化或重新打包，因此所有权证据需嵌入已发布参数中，且在嵌入工具消失后仍可长期验证。现有3DGS水印通常将嵌入或提取与场景优化、学习型解码器或渲染视图绑定，导致证据仅在存在第二个训练产物时才有效。FlyMark则将带密钥的消息写入3DGS文件已存储的参数中，其载体方向源自已发表连接组的光感受器，这是一种可引用的版本化产物，能彻底固定几何结构，无需针对每个场景调整。虚拟观察者沿场景归一化轨道，从存储的中心、颜色和不透明度读取视锥细胞方向的表观亮度；带密钥的抖动量化索引调制码通过这些观测值复制每个消息位；一次稀疏有界最小二乘求解通过在每个通道线性RGB硬约束下对现有零阶颜色进行消色差偏移来实现目标。所有几何和高阶外观参数均保持位完全一致，提取仅需视锥查询、取整和多数投票。在合成与真实场景的模型域威胁模型下，FlyMark实现了高干净位准确率和视觉保真度，同时能清晰区分匹配与错误密钥。
英文摘要
A trained 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) scene ships as a portable parameter array that can be copied, pruned, requantized, or repackaged outside its training pipeline, so ownership evidence is most useful when it lives in the released parameters and remains checkable long after the embedding tooling is gone. Existing 3DGS watermarks typically tie embedding or extraction to scene optimization, a learned decoder, or rendered views, so the evidence survives only as long as a second trained artifact does. FlyMark instead writes a keyed message into the parameters a 3DGS file already stores. Its carrier directions are derived from the photoreceptors of a published connectome, a citable versioned artifact that fixes the geometry exhaustively and leaves nothing to tune per scene. A virtual observer reads cone-wise apparent luminance along a scene-normalized orbit from stored centers, colors, and opacities; a keyed dithered quantization-index-modulation code replicates each message bit across these observations; and one sparse bounded least-squares solve realizes the targets through achromatic shifts of existing degree-zero colors under a hard per-channel linear-RGB bound. All geometry and higher-order appearance parameters are preserved bit-identically, and extraction needs only cone queries, rounding, and majority voting. Under a model-domain threat model on synthetic and real scenes, FlyMark attains high clean bit accuracy and visual fidelity while cleanly separating matched from wrong keys.
