发表机构
Institute for Academic Innovation, Hokkaido University; Department of Physics, Hokkaido University; National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College; Czech Technical University in Prague; Peking University（北海道大学学术创新研究所; 北海道大学物理系; 福岛国立高等专门学校; 布拉格捷克理工大学; 北京大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
该研究探讨经典标度不变性$U(1)_X$拓展模型中，快子相变产生的引力波可探测对撞机难以触及的小规范耦合重$Z'$区域，体现引力波观测与对撞机搜寻的互补性。
AI 中文摘要
我们研究了标准模型的经典标度不变性一般$U(1)_X$拓展模型中对撞机搜寻与引力波（GW）观测之间的互补性。$U(1)_X$能标通过Coleman-Weinberg机制辐射产生，而电弱能标通过希格斯门户诱导，标量势中无显式质量项。引入三个右手中微子以确保反常抵消，且在$U(1)_X$对称性破缺时获得马约拉纳质量，这也会产生中性规范玻色子$Z'$的质量。在强过冷区域，快子$U(1)_X$相变可产生随机GW背景。假设存在三个重马约拉纳中微子，我们研究它们对相变动力学和再加热的影响，并估算由此产生的GW信号。我们确定了未来GW观测台（包括LISA和DECIGO）可探测的$U(1)_X$规范耦合与$Z'$质量区域，并将其与现有LEP和LHC的约束进行比较。我们发现，来自快子相变的GW可探测到规范耦合小、$Z'$玻色子重的区域，这些区域难以通过对撞机搜寻获得，证明了这些探测手段的互补性。
英文摘要
We investigate the complementarity between collider searches and gravitational-wave (GW) observations in the classically scale-invariant general $U(1)_X$ extension of the Standard Model. The $U(1)_X$ scale is generated radiatively through the Coleman-Weinberg mechanism, while the electroweak scale is induced through the Higgs portal, without explicit mass terms in the scalar potential. Three right-handed neutrinos are introduced to ensure anomaly cancellation and acquire Majorana masses upon $U(1)_X$ symmetry breaking, which also generates the mass of the neutral gauge boson $Z'$. In the strongly supercooled regime, a tachyonic $U(1)_X$ phase transition can produce a stochastic GW background. Assuming three heavy Majorana neutrinos, we study their effects on the phase-transition dynamics and reheating, and estimate the resulting GW signals. We identify the regions of the $U(1)_X$ gauge coupling and $Z'$ mass accessible to future GW observatories, including LISA and DECIGO, and compare them with existing LEP and LHC constraints. We find that GWs from tachyonic phase transitions can probe regions with small gauge couplings and heavy $Z'$ bosons that are difficult to access through collider searches, demonstrating the complementarity of these probes.
Comments26 pages, 5 figures
