陶瓷材料：从原子键合与制备到微观结构、功能特性及生物医学应用
Ceramic Materials: From Atomic Bonding and Processing to Microstructure, Functional Properties, and Biomedical Applications
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本综述围绕陶瓷材料的制备—微观结构—性能—表现关系，考察其特性、生物医用类型、新兴主题，指出脆性断裂等挑战，提出需整合多技术推动未来进展。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
陶瓷材料是无机、主要为非金属的固体，其性能受原子键合、晶体结构、制备工艺、微观结构及功能特性之间的相互作用支配。它们的离子键和共价键赋予其高硬度、热稳定性、化学稳定性、耐磨性及多样的电学行为，但也限制了塑性变形，提高了对缺陷、孔隙率、晶界及残余应力的敏感性。本综述通过“制备—微观结构—性能—表现”关系考察陶瓷，强调晶体化学、缺陷、晶粒尺寸、孔隙率及相稳定性对力学、热学、电学及生物行为的影响。常规烧结、溶胶—凝胶制备及增材制造被作为控制致密化、孔隙率、几何形状及成分的关键路径进行讨论。生物医用陶瓷包括氧化铝、氧化锆、磷酸钙、羟基磷灰石、磷酸三钙及生物活性玻璃，也在本综述范围内。新兴主题包括纳米陶瓷、智能陶瓷、复合材料、多材料制备、缺陷工程、免疫调节生物陶瓷及可持续制备。脆性断裂、制备异质性、降解控制、规模化生产及孔隙率—强度权衡仍是主要挑战。未来进展需整合先进制备、多尺度表征、预测建模及数据驱动设计。
英文摘要
Ceramic materials are inorganic, predominantly nonmetallic solids whose performance is governed by the interplay among atomic bonding, crystal structure, processing, microstructure, and functional properties. Their ionic and covalent bonding provides high hardness, thermal and chemical stability, wear resistance, and diverse electrical behavior, but also limits plastic deformation and increases sensitivity to flaws, porosity, grain boundaries, and residual stresses. This review examines ceramics through the processing--microstructure--property--performance relationship, emphasizing the effects of crystal chemistry, defects, grain size, porosity, and phase stability on mechanical, thermal, electrical, and biological behavior. Conventional sintering, sol--gel processing, and additive manufacturing are discussed as key routes for controlling densification, porosity, geometry, and composition. Biomedical ceramics, including alumina, zirconia, calcium phosphates, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and bioactive glasses, are also reviewed. Emerging topics include nanoceramics, smart ceramics, composites, multimaterial manufacturing, defect engineering, immunomodulatory bioceramics, and sustainable processing. Major challenges remain in brittle fracture, processing heterogeneity, degradation control, scale-up, and the porosity--strength trade-off. Future advances will require integrating advanced manufacturing, multiscale characterization, predictive modeling, and data-driven design.
发表机构
- Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico（波多黎各理工学院）
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