发表机构
The University of Western Ontario; University of Oxford（韦仕敦大学; 牛津大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
该研究通过测光巡天发现巨型卫星星座普遍超出IAU亮度限制，OneWeb最合规，预测鲁宾天文台约三分之一暮光曝光会有卫星轨迹
AI 中文摘要
近地轨道上的巨型卫星星座会干扰地面光学天文学，但这种干扰的规模一直难以测量。本文报告了2024年末在北半球中纬度站点开展的一项无提示测光巡天，该巡天记录了5118颗单个卫星的约25000条轨迹，极限视星等达+9.0。观测到的卫星总体系统地比国际天文学联合会卫星星座干扰保护黑暗与宁静天空中心（IAU CPS）推荐的、经高度调整后的约7等星限更亮。星链（Starlink）卫星在所有几何可能的飞掠中约四分之一超出该限制，火箭体约五分之一，新兴的GW/HuLianWang（GW/国网/国网卫星星座）则超过一半。OneWeb是主要运营商中最合规的（仅约二十分之一的可能飞掠超出IAU CPS限制），这表明采用现有技术可实现有效的亮度 mitigation（ mitigation 译为“ mitigation 亮度 mitigation”，此处保留英文原名）。卫星可见性集中在日落后两小时内、日出前以及天空的有限区域。根据测得的天平面卫星通量，我们预测Vera C.鲁宾天文台（Vera C. Rubin Observatory）的约三分之一的30秒暮光曝光将包含卫星轨迹。
英文摘要
Satellite megaconstellations in low Earth orbit interfere with ground-based optical astronomy, but the scale of that interference has been hard to measure. Here we report an uncued photometric survey from a mid-northern latitude site in late 2024 which recorded some 25,000 tracks of 5,118 individual satellites to a limiting visual magnitude of +9.0. The observed population is systematically brighter than the altitude-adjusted limit of order seventh magnitude recommended by the International Astronomical Union Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference (IAU CPS). Starlink satellites exceeded that limit on roughly a quarter of all geometrically possible passes, rocket bodies on about a fifth, and the emerging Guowang/Hulianwang constellation on more than half. OneWeb was the most compliant major operator (exceeding the IAU CPS limit on only about one in twenty possible passes), which shows that effective brightness mitigation is achievable with current technology. Satellite visibility is concentrated into the two hours after sunset and before sunrise and into limited regions of the sky. From the measured plane-of-sky satellite flux we predict that of order one in three 30 s twilight exposures at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will carry a satellite trail.
Comments35 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables, Supplementary Information as ancillary file. In Revision with Nature Astronomy
