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arXiv 2610.10721astro-ph.GA

NGC 4936:弱X射线冷核星系团中心的丰富多相介质及星系团中光学暗的H I云

NGC 4936: abundant multi-phase medium in the central weak X-ray cool core and optically dark H I clouds in the group

Prathamesh Tamhane, Ming Sun, Hao Chen, Thomas Connor, Megan Donahue, Mark Voit, Mpati Ramatsoku, Kokoro Hosogi, Tim Edge

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中文总结 AI 辅助

本研究通过多波段分析发现弱冷核星系团中心星系NGC 4936拥有丰富多相介质,其分子气体主要源于大气凝结,还探测到20个无明显光学对应体的H I结构,揭示了该星系团的气体特性与演化机制。

中文摘要 AI 辅助

我们对NGC 4936开展了多波段分析,该星系是一个弱冷核星系团的中心星系,拥有异常庞大的冷/暖气体库。NGC 4936在半径约1千秒差距的旋转盘中包含约2×10^8倍太阳质量的分子气体,但未探测到H I,在约2.5千秒差距范围内的3σ上限为1.13×10^7倍太阳质量,由此得到的H₂/H I质量比大于17,与中心星系高压环境下以分子介质为主的情况一致。SOAR成像和MUSE光谱显示,电离气体以复杂纤维状形态延伸至约15千秒差距,大致遵循分子气体运动学,同时远超出CO盘范围;尘埃纤维同样延伸至约14千秒差距,且似乎与投影距离仅约2.5千秒差距的伴星系存在相互作用。NGC 4936的恒星形成率为0.29倍太阳质量每年,其活动星系核(AGN)表现出亚毫米和X射线变异性。我们认为大气凝结是分子气体的主要起源,尽管外部获取的气体可能有贡献。我们重新计算的热力学剖面显示,最内区的t_cool/t_ff约为25,使该系统接近多相凝结的阈值。持续的相互作用可能扰动大气并促进凝结,同时塑造多相介质的形态和运动学,而非直接提供大部分中心冷气体。此外,我们在周围星系团环境中探测到20个H I结构,质量约为10^7至10^8倍太阳质量,其中几个没有明显的光学对应体。

英文摘要

We present a multiwavelength analysis of NGC 4936, the central galaxy of a weak cool-core group hosting an unusually large cold/warm gas reservoir. NGC 4936 contains $\sim2\times10^8$ M$_\odot$ of molecular gas in a rotating disk of radius $\sim1$ kpc, but no detected H I, with a $3σ$ upper limit of $1.13\times10^7$ M$_\odot$ within $\sim2.5$ kpc. The resulting $H_2$/H I mass ratio $>17$ is consistent with a predominantly molecular medium in the high-pressure environments of central galaxies. SOAR imaging and MUSE spectroscopy reveal ionised gas extending to $\sim15$ kpc in a complex filamentary morphology that broadly follows the molecular gas kinematics while extending well beyond the CO disk. Dust filaments similarly extend to $\sim14$ kpc and appear to interact with a companion galaxy located only $\sim2.5$ kpc away in projection. NGC 4936 has a star formation rate of $0.29$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, and its AGN shows sub-mm and X-ray variability. We favour atmospheric condensation as the primary origin of the molecular gas, although externally acquired gas may contribute. Our recalculated thermodynamic profiles reach $t_{\rm cool}/t_{\rm ff}\sim25$ in the innermost region, placing the system near the threshold for multiphase condensation. The ongoing interaction may perturb the atmosphere and promote condensation while shaping the morphology and kinematics of the multiphase medium, rather than directly supplying most of the central cold gas. We additionally detect 20 H I structures in the surrounding group environment, with masses of $\sim10^7$--$10^8$ M$_\odot$, including several with no obvious optical counterparts.

发表机构

  • University of Alabama in Huntsville(阿拉巴马大学亨茨维尔分校)
  • Zhejiang Laboratory(浙江实验室)
  • Michigan State University(密歇根州立大学)
  • Rhodes University(罗德兹大学)
  • INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari(意大利国家天体物理研究所卡利亚里天文台)

机构由 AI 辅助整理,请以论文原文为准。

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