发表机构
School of Physics, Korea Institute for Advanced Study; International Center for Quantum-field Measurement Systems for Studies of the Universe and Particles, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization; The Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University; Division of Science Education and Institute of Fusion Science, Jeonbuk National University（韩国高等科学研究院物理学院; 高能加速器研究机构宇宙与粒子研究量子场测量系统国际中心; 宾夕法尼亚州立大学引力与宇宙研究所; 全北国立大学科学教育系及聚变科学研究所）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
该研究提出标度不变U(1)规范理论可在热暴胀末期产生大曲率扰动，通过希格斯场非最小引力耦合触发相变，生成质量范围广的原初黑洞及关联引力波，为原初黑洞起源提供新机制。
AI 中文摘要
我们证明，标度不变的U(1)规范理论可在热暴胀末期自然实现大曲率扰动，为原初黑洞（PBHs）的形成提供种子。希格斯场的允许非最小引力耦合ξ在ξ~O(1)为正时，会诱导出哈勃尺度的负质量平方项，触发二阶相变以结束热暴胀，同时保持额外e折叠量很小。这与最小耦合情形形成鲜明对比，使得规范耦合可远小于1。结果表明，在相变起始时刻，场涨落由热涨落主导，且被充分放大，从而产生大量质量范围广泛的原初黑洞。伴随的标量诱导引力波（GWs）与U(1)对称性破缺产生的宇宙弦诱导引力波相伴。因此，生成的原初黑洞群体可产生与脉冲星计时阵列、天基干涉仪或地基探测器相关的关联引力波信号。
英文摘要
We show that a scale-invariant $U(1)$ gauge theory can naturally realize large curvature perturbations around the end of thermal inflation, seeding the formation of primordial black holes (PBHs). The allowed nonminimal gravitational interaction $ξ$ of the Higgs field induces a Hubble-scale negative mass-squared term for positive $ξ\sim \mathcal{O}(1)$, and triggers a second order phase transition that ends thermal inflation while keeping the extra $e$-folds small. This sharp contrast to the minimally coupled case allows the gauge coupling to be much smaller than unity. It turns out that field fluctuations are dominated by thermal fluctuations around the onset of the phase transition, and sufficiently amplified to produce an appreciable amount of PBHs with a wide range of possible masses. The associated scalar-induced gravitational waves (GWs) are accompanied by cosmic-string induced GWs coming from the breaking of the $U(1)$ symmetry. As a result, the generated PBH population can have a correlated GW signature relevant to pulsar timing arrays, space-based interferometers, or ground-based detectors.
Comments14 pages, 8 figures
