发表机构
International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Taiji Laboratory for Gravitational Wave Universe, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Jiao Tong University（中国科学院大学国际理论物理中心（亚太地区）; 中国科学院大学太极引力波宇宙实验室; 中国科学院大学杭州高等研究院基础物理与数学科学学院; 中国科学院理论物理研究所; 中国科学院大学; 上海交通大学李政道研究所与物理与天文学院; 上海交通大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文通过三维格点模拟，首次全面计算一阶相变产生的标量扰动功率谱和引力波能谱，发现其他源贡献可超标量场1/3，为探测相变提供更精确数值结果。
AI 中文摘要
宇宙学一阶相变可以通过非均匀量子隧穿产生曲率扰动，此前已在超视界尺度上进行了研究。在本工作中，我们首次进行了三维格点模拟，其中包含了标量度规扰动和辐射扰动，覆盖了从气泡壁尺度到超视界尺度的范围。我们获得了精确的标量扰动功率谱和能量密度扰动的概率密度函数。此外，我们模拟了一阶相变过程中各源产生的引力波能量谱，包括标量场本身、标量度规扰动以及辐射的能量密度和速度扰动。对于引力波，在超视界尺度上，其他源的贡献可以超过标量场贡献的1/3。另外，我们比较了不同相变强度和速率对结果的影响。本文为旨在通过引力波和曲率扰动探测或约束一阶相变的研究提供了更精确的数值结果。
英文摘要
Cosmological first-order phase transitions can generate curvature perturbations through inhomogeneous quantum tunneling, as studied previously on superhorizon scales. In this work, we for the first time conduct three-dimensional lattice simulations that incorporate scalar metric perturbations and radiation perturbations, covering a range from bubble wall scales to super-horizon scales. We obtain the precise scalar perturbation power spectrum and the probability density function of energy density perturbations. Furthermore, we simulate the gravitational-wave energy spectra generated by each source during the first-order phase transition, including the scalar field itself, scalar metric perturbations, and the energy density and velocity perturbations of radiation. For gravitational waves, the contribution from other sources can exceed $1/3$ of that from the scalar field at superhorizon scales. Additionally, we compare the effects of different values of the transition strength and rate on the results. This paper provides more accurate numerical results for research aimed at detecting or constraining first-order phase transitions via gravitational waves and curvature perturbations.
Comments36 pages, 7 figures
