利用CHEOPS搜寻热海洋世界候选体:II. 一颗围绕K矮星TOI-2211的低密度超级地球
Searching for hot water world candidates with CHEOPS: II. A low-density super-Earth orbiting the K dwarf TOI-2211
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本研究利用TESS、CHEOPS及径向速度数据精确表征了围绕K矮星的凌星超级地球TOI-2211 b,确定其半径与质量,并通过蒸发分析确认其为热海洋世界候选体,同时发现一个外部非凌星行星候选体。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
近距离轨道上的小型系外行星暴露于高水平的恒星辐照之下,这可以通过大气逃逸有效移除低质量的原始H/He包层。在这些条件下,质量与半径既与裸露岩石内部不相容、又与扩展的H主导大气不相容的行星,预计拥有高平均分子量的大气,使其成为富含挥发物的热海洋世界的有力候选体。我们首次对低密度超级地球TOI-2211 b(周期约3.09天)进行了详细表征,这是一颗最近被确认的凌星行星,围绕一颗K型恒星(G星等:9.1)运行。结合TESS和CHEOPS的光度测量数据以及来自HARPS、ESPRESSO和KPF的径向速度测量,我们精确限制了该行星的半径和质量,分别为$1.457 \pm 0.047$ R$_\u2295$和$2.69 \pm 0.56$ M$_\u2295$。我们还在径向速度数据中识别出一个外部的非凌星行星候选体(周期约15.6天,Msin(i) $= 8.53 \pm 1.04$ M$_\u2295$)。我们研究了凌星行星的内部结构,并通过详细的蒸发分析评估了推断的挥发物包层的稳定性,从而将TOI-2211 b确定为有前景的热海洋世界候选体。因此,TOI-2211 b加入了数量虽少但不断增长的近距离低密度超级地球样本,这些天体代表了测试当前行星形成与演化理论的特别有趣的目标。此外,我们使用行星形成与演化的生成模型研究了该行星系统的完整架构,所得的后验分布显示出明显的过密区域,与在径向速度数据中识别出的非凌星行星候选体的观测轨道周期和最小质量一致。
英文摘要
Small exoplanets on close-in orbits are exposed to high levels of stellar irradiation, which can effectively remove low-mass primordial H/He envelopes through atmospheric escape. Under these conditions, planets whose masses and radii are incompatible with both bare rocky interiors and extended H-dominated atmospheres are therefore expected to host high mean molecular weight atmospheres, making them promising candidates for volatile-rich hot water worlds. We present the first detailed characterisation of the low-density super-Earth TOI-2211 b (P~3.09 d), a recently validated transiting planet orbiting a K type star (G mag: 9.1). Combining TESS and CHEOPS photometry with radial velocity measurements from HARPS, ESPRESSO, and KPF, we precisely constrain the planet's radius and mass to $1.457 \pm 0.047$ R$_\oplus$ and $2.69 \pm 0.56$ M$_\oplus$. We also identify an outer, non-transiting planetary candidate (P~15.6 d, Msin(i) $ = 8.53 \pm 1.04$ M$_\oplus$) in the radial velocity data. We investigate the internal structure of the transiting planet and assess the stability of the inferred volatile envelopes through a detailed evaporation analysis, thereby identifying TOI-2211 b as a promising hot water world candidate. TOI-2211 b therefore joins the small but growing sample of these close-in low-density super-Earths, which represent particularly interesting targets for testing current planet formation and evolution theories. Additionally, we investigate the full architecture of the planetary system using a generative model of planet formation and evolution, with the resulting posterior distributions showing a clear over-density consistent with the observed orbital period and minimal mass of the non-transiting planetary candidate identified in the radial velocity data.
发表机构
- European Space Agency (ESA)(欧洲空间局(ESA))
- University of St Andrews(圣安德鲁斯大学)
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences(奥地利科学院空间研究所)
- University of Bern(伯尔尼大学)
- ETH Zurich(苏黎世联邦理工学院)
- University of Kansas(堪萨斯大学)
- Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève(日内瓦大学天文台)
- University of Leiden(莱顿大学)
- Université de Liège(列日大学)
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