发表机构
Simon Fraser University; Tata Institute of Social Sciences; SAATHII; Sappho for Equality（西蒙弗雷泽大学; 塔塔社会科学研究所; SAATHII; 平等萨福组织）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文基于焦点小组研究，揭示印度跨性别者文件转换中的行政暴力与“跨性别税”，指出性别一致文件可能重新分配伤害，呼吁系统性变革。
AI 中文摘要
身份文件（ID）是跨性别者遭遇国家基础设施的最重要场域之一。本文基于2025年中期对十六名跨性别参与者（其中大多数为跨男性及性别多元者）的焦点小组讨论，考察了文件转换，即在印度官方记录中调整姓名、性别标记及相关信息的工作。参与者描述了遇到缺乏明确规程、不断变化的证明要求以及官员不当行为的情况，这些往往源于系统和政策中对跨性别认知的局限。因此，参与者面临与生计、住房、投票、旅行、暴力与歧视救济以及教育相关的伤害。我们将这些发现置于信息学与跨性别研究关于分类和国家承认的学术脉络中。拥有不匹配文件的参与者面临一种我们称之为“跨性别税”的扭力或行政暴力，包括不成比例的税收扣除、不情愿的雇主以及由此产生的不稳定工作。此外，性别一致的文件可能重新分配伤害：在行政上被认定为男性的参与者失去了工作、福利和权利，尽管他们仍然容易受到这些项目旨在解决的歧视的影响。更新后的性别一致数据对人们生活的扰乱，要求重新审视跨性别、分类与数据实践交叉处的“萦绕”。文章最后呼吁针对街头、系统和政策层面的决策者开展关于跨性别身份与国家规定的敏感性培训，同时短期内制定并广泛传播文件转换规程；以及广泛协调的系统与政策变革，以消除顺性别-异性恋规范的假设。
英文摘要
Identity documents (IDs) are some of the most consequential sites through which transgender people encounter state infrastructures. This article examines document transition, the work of aligning names, gender markers, and related information across official records in India based on focus groups with sixteen trans participants, most of whom were transmasculine and gender diverse, in mid-2025. Participants described encountering an absence of clear protocols, changing demands for proof, and objectionable conduct from officials, arising often from limited understandings of transness in systems and policies. As a result, participants faced harms related to livelihood, housing, voting, travel, redress from violence and discrimination, and education. We situate these findings within information studies and trans studies scholarship on classification and state recognition. Participants with mismatching IDs faced a form of torque or administrative violence that we call `trans tax' including disproportionate tax deductions, reluctant employers, and resultant insecure jobs. Further, gender-concordant IDs could redistribute harm: participants who became administratively legible as male lost jobs, benefits, and rights despite remaining vulnerable to the discrimination the programs sought to address. The disruption of people's lives by updated gender-concordant data calls for a re-examination of `haunting' at the intersection of transness, classification, and data practices. The article concludes by calling for sensitization efforts directed at street-, system-, and policy-level decision-makers about trans identities and state provisions together with established and widely disseminated protocols for document transition in the short term; as well as a broad and coordinated upheaval of systems and policies to undo cisgender-heteronormative assumptions.
