发表机构
Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland; Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland; Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland; NSF NOIRLab; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland（量子信息与计算机联合中心，美国国家标准与技术研究院/马里兰大学; 马里兰大学计算机科学系; 量子联合研究所，美国国家标准与技术研究院/马里兰大学; 国家科学基金会NOIRLab; 马里兰大学电气与计算机工程系）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究提出利用量子联合测量优化闭合相位获取，在保证鲁棒性的同时大幅降低光子需求，使大型干涉阵列的曝光时间不随望远镜数量线性增长，显著提升光学干涉成像的灵敏度与效率。
AI 中文摘要
闭合相位通过抵消由大气波动引起的望远镜相关相位误差，使得地面干涉阵列能够成像。它可以通过测量形成三角形的各基线上的条纹相位并将它们相加来获得。我们表明，通过对多个光子进行联合测量，可以用更少的光子更准确地测量闭合相位。我们首先确定，在相同的大气时间相位稳定性窗口内，至少需要三个光子才能使闭合相位信息在未知的望远镜相关相位噪声中存活，并表明在最小的三望远镜设置中，联合三光子测量已经比单光子测量提供了优势。然后我们转向大型阵列，并考虑在全局均方误差准则下估计所有双谱——其相位为闭合相位的复数量。尽管一个$m$望远镜阵列包含$\theta(m^2)$个独立的三角形双谱，我们表明可见度的物理约束使得总信息含量在固定精度下仅随$m$近似线性增长。利用这一结构，我们构建了一个高效协议，使用最多三光子联合测量，光子成本为$\tilde{O}(m)$，而任何顺序单光子协议需要$\theta(m^2)$个光子。当每个时间稳定性窗口检测到的光子数随阵列大小线性增长时，这允许所需曝光时间在忽略对数因子时保持与$m$无关。我们进一步使用多参数量子计量学分析互补的高精度区域，并发现集体测量具有类似的优势。总体而言，我们的结果表明，量子信息处理技术可以显著提高光学干涉测量的灵敏度和鲁棒性。
英文摘要
Closure phase enables imaging with ground-based interferometric arrays by canceling telescope-dependent phase errors due to atmospheric fluctuations. It can be obtained by measuring fringe phases on individual baselines forming a triangle and summing them. We show that closure phases can be measured more accurately with fewer photons by performing joint measurements on multiple photons. We first establish that at least three photons from the same atmospheric temporal phase-stability window are required for closure-phase information to survive the unknown telescope-dependent phase noise, and show that joint three-photon measurements already provide an advantage over single-photon measurements in the minimal three-telescope setting. We then turn to large arrays and consider estimating all bispectra---complex quantities whose phases are the closure phases---under a global mean-square error criterion. Although an $m$-telescope array contains $Θ(m^2)$ independent triangle bispectra, we show that physical constraints on the visibilities make the total information content grow only nearly linearly with $m$ at fixed accuracy. Exploiting this structure, we construct an efficient protocol using at most three-photon joint measurements with photon cost $\tilde{O}(m)$, whereas any sequential single-photon protocol requires $Ω(m^2)$ photons. When the number of detected photons per temporal stability window scales linearly with the array size, this allows the required exposure time to remain independent of $m$ up to logarithmic factors. We further analyze the complementary high-precision regime using multiparameter quantum metrology and find a similar advantage for collective measurements. Overall, our results show that quantum information processing techniques can substantially improve the sensitivity and robustness of optical interferometry.
Comments33 pages, 1 figure
