发表机构
The BioRobotics Institute; Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna（生物机器人研究所; 圣安娜高等学院）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文从磁摆出发，通过磁链耦合函数描述双边机电换能器，揭示电磁阻尼由电学终端控制，并利用双端口模型和数值示例验证降阶描述，提供从基础电磁学到机电反馈的系统路径。
AI 中文摘要
在双边机电换能器中，跨越机电界面的能量交换允许电学终端通过电磁反馈来修改机械响应。本文从简单的磁摆出发发展了这一思想，通过磁链作为旋转角度的函数来描述机电耦合。扭矩和反电动势随后由同一耦合函数得出，使得能量转换的双边性质变得明确。径向磁场动圈系统提供了一种特别简单的实现方式，其中耦合变得与角位置无关，由此产生的电磁阻尼由电学终端控制。随后，双端口表示将此阻尼识别为阻抗反射效应，并为分离电学和机械时间尺度提供了定量判据。一个数值示例比较了理想电流驱动与临界电学终端，并确认了降阶的二阶描述与完整的三阶动力学的一致性。所得处理方法提供了一条系统且物理透明的路径，从熟悉的本科电磁学和振荡器动力学通向机电反馈、双边换能以及耦合物理系统中负载效应。
英文摘要
In a bilateral electromechanical transducer, energy exchange across the electromechanical interface allows the electrical termination to modify the mechanical response through electromagnetic feedback. The paper develops this idea from a simple magnetic pendulum, describing the electromechanical coupling through the flux linkage as a function of rotation angle. Torque and back electromotive force then follow from the same coupling function, making the bilateral nature of the energy conversion explicit. A radial-field moving-coil system provides a particularly simple realization in which the coupling becomes independent of angular position and the resulting electromagnetic damping is controlled by the electrical termination. A two-port representation then identifies this damping as an impedance-reflection effect and provides a quantitative criterion for separating the electrical and mechanical time scales. A numerical example compares ideal current drive with critical electrical termination and confirms the reduced second-order description against the full third-order dynamics. The resulting treatment provides a systematic and physically transparent route from familiar undergraduate electromagnetism and oscillator dynamics to electromechanical feedback, bilateral transduction, and the effect of loading in coupled physical systems.
Comments17 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, 1 appendix; submitted to European Journal of Physics
