发表机构
Helmut Schmidt University; HAW Hamburg（赫尔穆特·施密特大学; 汉堡应用科学大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究通过模拟农村低压馈线，发现分散式价格优化调度电动汽车和热泵会导致负荷同步，使变压器过载远超非协调情况，并提出中央调度可消除违规，而时变电价缓解作用有限。
AI 中文摘要
电动汽车和热泵为低压配电馈线增加了大量且时间灵活的负荷。当每个家庭独立地针对相同的电价最小化自身充电成本时，这种灵活需求会堆积在最便宜的时段，由此产生的同步性可能比非协调运行给馈线带来更大的压力。本研究在一条农村低压馈线（97个节点，250 kVA变压器）上，通过160次模拟运行，涵盖七种场景、四个季节以及电动汽车、热泵和光伏渗透率从0%到90%的情况，量化了这一效应。在每种设备渗透率为30%时，这种分散式成本最小化使变压器达到额定容量的253%，是非协调充电水平的两倍以上；在电动汽车渗透率为90%时，最高可达478%，并在最长馈线支路远端首次出现欠电压违规。排名取决于设备组合：热泵渗透率每增加30个百分点，对基于价格的峰值的影响约为对任何固定调度影响的十二倍，因此一旦存在热泵，基于价格的调度就成为最差策略。只有明确限制变压器的中央调度才能消除这些由需求驱动的违规行为，而在高光伏渗透率下，中午反向功率流形成的夏季下限限制了任何需求侧策略所能达到的效果。在现货价格基础上增加受监管的时变电网电价，对热泵驱动的同步性没有缓解作用，对秋季电动汽车驱动的同步性仅有轻微缓解。模拟和优化代码可在https://this https URL获取。
英文摘要
Electric vehicles and heat pumps add large, time-flexible loads to low-voltage distribution feeders. When each household independently minimizes its own charging cost against the same electricity price, this flexible demand piles into the cheapest hours, and the resulting synchronization can stress the feeder more than uncoordinated operation does. This work quantifies that effect on a rural low-voltage feeder (97 buses, 250 kVA transformer) across 160 simulation runs spanning seven scenarios, four seasons, and electric-vehicle, heat-pump, and photovoltaic penetration from 0 to 90 %. At 30 % penetration of each device, this decentralized cost minimization drives the transformer to 253 % of rated capacity, more than twice the level of uncoordinated charging, and up to 478 % at 90 % electric-vehicle penetration, with the first undervoltage violations at the far end of the longest feeder arm. The ranking is device-mix dependent: each 30 pp of heat-pump penetration adds about twelve times more to the price-based peak than to any fixed schedule, so price-based scheduling becomes the worst strategy once heat pumps are present. Only a central schedule that explicitly caps the transformer removes these demand-driven violations, while at high photovoltaic penetration a summer floor from midday reverse power flow bounds what any demand-side strategy can achieve. A regulated time-variable grid tariff added to the spot price provides no relief for heat-pump-driven synchronization and only marginal relief for electric-vehicle-driven synchronization in autumn. The simulation and optimization code is available at https://github.com/lukas-wagner/SynchronizationEffectsAnalysis.
