发表机构
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; University of Turku; Tsinghua University; Chinese Academy of Sciences（塔塔基础研究所; 特鲁凡得琅印度科学教育与研究学院; 图尔库大学; 清华大学; 中国科学院）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
针对FAST发现的毫秒脉冲星PSR J0435+3233层级三星系统，提出统一多波段单平均框架，预测两种几何构型未来几年可区分，并联合FAST、LAMOST和Gaia数据，建立强约束的三体动力学实验室。
AI 中文摘要
由FAST发现的毫秒脉冲星PSR J0435+3233展现出异常大的视自转减慢率，这可能反映了来自遥远伴星的视线加速度。近期研究揭示了一个层级三星系统：内双星由脉冲星和氦白矮星组成，轨道周期约8天，外轨道为一颗G型亚巨星，轨道偏心，周期约74年。当前的计时描述存在两种不同的几何解。我们发展了一种单平均（SA）形式，对内轨道进行平均，同时保留偏心外轨道的瞬时相位，从而捕捉由第三星引起的时变四极扰动。我们展示了如何将这种物理三体描述自然地纳入脉冲星计时分析，并利用它向前传播当前两种可行构型Tv1和Tv2，以预测它们何时能通过FAST在计时特征上被区分。SA演化预测，这两种构型将在未来几年内变得可区分，其中有效投影半长轴$x_{1,\mathrm{eff}}$提供了最早的判别观测量。我们进一步扩展该框架，以预测第三星的光谱视向速度和天体测量演化，将FAST计时与LAMOST时域光谱和Gaia天体测量联系起来。这一多波段框架有潜力将PSR J0435+3233确立为一个约束极佳的三体动力学、致密双星与恒星演化以及引力物理实验室。
英文摘要
The millisecond pulsar PSR J0435+3233, discovered by FAST, exhibits an unusually large apparent spin-down rate, potentially reflecting line-of-sight acceleration from a distant companion. Recent investigations reveal a hierarchical triple consisting of an inner pulsar-helium white dwarf binary with an orbital period of ~8 days, orbited by a G-type subgiant tertiary on an eccentric ~74 yr orbit. The current timing description admits two distinct geometrical solutions. We develop a singly averaged (SA) formulation that averages over the inner orbit while retaining the instantaneous phase of the eccentric outer orbit, thereby capturing the time-dependent quadrupolar perturbations induced by the tertiary. We show how this physical three-body description can be incorporated naturally into pulsar-timing analyses and use it to forward-propagate the two currently viable configurations, Tv1 and Tv2, to forecast when their timing signatures become distinguishable with FAST. The SA evolution predicts that the two configurations will become distinguishable in the coming years, with the effective projected semi-major axis, $x_{1,\mathrm{eff}}$, providing the earliest discriminating observable. We further extend the framework to predict the tertiary's spectroscopic radial-velocity and astrometric evolution, linking FAST timing with LAMOST time-domain spectroscopy and Gaia astrometry. This multi-band framework has the potential to establish PSR J0435+3233 as an exceptionally well-constrained laboratory for three-body dynamics, compact-binary and stellar evolution, and gravitational physics.
Comments18 pages, 6 figures, submitted to the Astrophysical Journal
