AI 中文总结
本论文探讨量子理论中的测量问题与黑洞信息悖论，提出扩展维格纳的朋友论证及统一悖论，并分析叠加黑洞的探测器响应，深化对量子实在性和引力的理解。
AI 中文摘要
尽管量子理论在经验上取得了显著成功并具有强大的预测能力，但它仍充满谜团。其中一个概念性难题是测量问题：为什么处于叠加态的量子系统在被测量时会坍缩为单一值的结果？维格纳的朋友场景说明了这种张力，最近的扩展得出了关于实在本性的强不可行性结果。另一个基本谜题出现在量子理论与广义相对论的交叉点——黑洞信息悖论。本论文进一步探讨了这两个基础悖论。论文第一部分聚焦于维格纳的朋友场景的扩展。我们引入了几个新颖的扩展维格纳的朋友论证，并建立了与非经典性（即逃避经典解释的量子现象研究）概念的联系。关键结果包括Frauchiger--Renner悖论的改进版本、基于语境性的新扩展维格纳的朋友场景，以及基于Pusey--Barrett--Rudolph定理反对自由选择绝对性的论证。后一结果补充了局部友好不可行性定理，该定理挑战了实验获得的测量结果的绝对性。在论文第二部分，我们转向黑洞谜题以及量子理论与引力的相互作用。我们提出了一个将扩展维格纳的朋友论证与黑洞谜题统一的悖论，加强了克隆悖论和防火墙悖论。在讨论这些悖论中的微妙之处后，我们接下来提出一个结合量子理论与引力元素的分析，利用量子参考系元素分析叠加黑洞附近的探测器响应。
英文摘要
Despite its remarkable empirical success and predictive power, quantum theory is riddled with mysteries. One such conceptual puzzle is the measurement problem: why do quantum systems in superposition collapse to a single-valued outcome upon being measured? The scenario of Wigner's friend illustrates this tension, with recent extensions deriving strong no-go results for the nature of reality. Another fundamental puzzle arises at the interface of quantum theory and general relativity---the black hole information paradox. This thesis further explores these two foundational paradoxes. Part I of this thesis focuses on extensions of the Wigner's friend scenario. We introduce several novel extended Wigner's friend arguments, and establish connections with notions of nonclassicality, i.e. the study of quantum phenomena that evade classical explanation. Key results are a refined version of the Frauchiger--Renner paradox, new extended Wigner's friend scenarios based on contextuality, and an argument against the absoluteness of free choices based on the Pusey--Barrett--Rudolph theorem. The latter result complements the Local Friendliness no-go theorem, which challenged the absoluteness of experimentally obtained measurement outcomes. In Part II of this thesis, we turn to black hole puzzles and the interplay of quantum theory and gravity. We present a paradox that unifies extended Wigner's friend arguments with black hole puzzles, strengthening the cloning and firewall paradoxes. After discussing subtleties in these paradoxes, we next present an analysis combining elements of quantum theory with gravity, analyzing the detector response near a superposed black hole using elements of quantum reference frames.
Comments332 pages, PhD thesis, University of York, UK (2026)
