AI 中文总结
本研究通过两项实验考察人们向计算机发出指令时的能动感，发现参与者对初始行动有前反思性能动感，但对最终结果缺乏此感受；然而当结果有意义且指令具体时，他们会做出反思性判断认为自己导致了结果，这对系统设计具有启示意义。
AI 中文摘要
在认知心理学中，能动感指的是通过自身行动控制外部事件的感觉。本文探讨的是，当人们向计算机发出指令并由其代为执行时，他们如何体验能动感。人与人互动的研究发现，虽然人们对自己发出命令后他人所采取的初始行动具有能动感，但他们可能对该行动最终产生的结果缺乏能动感。我们进行了两项实验。第一项实验借鉴了先前关于人与人互动的研究，但将人类共同行动者替换为计算机。第二项研究针对第一项实验中可能存在的局限性，探讨了更有意义的结果所产生的影响，并同时评估了前反思性的能动感受和反思后的能动判断。我们发现，参与者对计算机响应其指令所采取的初始行动具有能动感，但对最终结果缺乏前反思性的能动感。然而有趣的是，当最终结果具有意义且他们的指令具有特定性时，他们确实判断自己是导致该结果的原因。这种前反思性感受与反思后能动判断之间的差异对设计具有重要意义。如果设计者希望人们感到自己能掌控并承担因向计算机发出指令而产生的结果责任，就不能依赖前反思性的直觉。相反，我们应设计能够鼓励人们反思自身行动并做出关于责任的深思熟虑判断的系统。
英文摘要
In cognitive psychology, the sense of agency refers to the feeling of controlling an external event through one's own actions. This paper asks how people experience agency when they give an instruction to a computer, which then acts on their behalf. Research in human-human interaction has found that while people experience agency over the initial actions taken by another in response to their command, they may not experience agency over the ultimate outcome of those actions. We present two experiments. The first draws on prior studies of human-to-human interaction but replaces a human co-actor with a computer. The second study addresses potential limitations in the first, exploring the effect of more meaningful outcomes, and assessing both pre-reflective feelings and post-reflective judgements of agency. We find that participants experienced agency over the initial action taken by the computer in response to their command, but did not experience pre-reflective agency over the final outcome. Interestingly, however, they did judge themselves to have caused the final outcome when it was meaningful and their command specific. This difference between the pre-reflective feeling and post-reflective judgement of agency has important implications for design. If designers want people to feel in control and take responsibility for outcomes that result from instructions given to a computer, they cannot rely on pre-reflective intuition. Instead, we should design systems that encourage people to reflect on their actions and make deliberative judgments regarding responsibility.
