发表机构
Zayed University; University of Sharjah; University of Al Dhaid（扎耶德大学; 沙迦大学; 阿尔达伊德大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文综述直接暗物质探测器技术，对比惰性液体TPC与低温半导体/CCD，强调机器学习作用，并指出未来需结合多技术应对中微子雾背景。
AI 中文摘要
识别暗物质的粒子本质仍然是现代物理学中最重大的挑战之一。直接探测实验旨在观测暗物质粒子与地球靶标之间的稀有散射事件，这一任务要求极端的背景抑制和对微小能量沉积的灵敏度。本综述批判性地评估了当前的实验格局，根据定义其科学覆盖范围的基本物理权衡来组织探测器技术。我们将惰性液体时间投影室（TPCs）的多吨级可扩展性——其目前定义了高质量弱相互作用大质量粒子（WIMPs）的灵敏度前沿——与低温半导体和基于电荷耦合器件（CCD）的传感器的精度进行对比，后者主导了对低质量和亚GeV候选粒子的搜索。特别强调了先进重建流程和机器学习（ML）作为探测器性能不可或缺组成部分的作用。最后，我们讨论了未来十年的战略路线图，因为实验正接近中微子雾，其中相干弹性中微子-核散射（CEνNS）产生一个日益显著且最终不可约的背景，可能模仿暗物质引起的核反冲。我们认为，未来的进展将不依赖于单一技术，而是依赖于一个互补的全球计划，该计划结合了增加的靶标质量、超低能量阈值、改进的背景鉴别以及独特的可观测信号——如方向性和时间特征——以在存在中微子诱导背景的情况下保持稳健的发现能力。
英文摘要
Identifying the particle nature of dark matter remains one of the most significant challenges in modern physics. Direct detection experiments aim to observe rare scattering events between dark matter particles and terrestrial targets, a task that demands extreme background suppression and sensitivity to minute energy depositions. This review critically assesses the current experimental landscape, organizing detector technologies by the fundamental physical trade-offs that define their scientific reach. We contrast the multi-tonne scalability of noble-liquid Time Projection Chambers (TPCs), which currently define the sensitivity frontier for high-mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), with the precision of cryogenic semiconductors and Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)- based sensors, which dominate the search for low-mass and sub-GeV candidates. Special emphasis is placed on the role of advanced reconstruction pipelines and machine learning (ML) as integral components of detector performance. Finally, we discuss the strategic roadmap for the next decade as experiments approach the neutrino fog, where coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) produces an increasingly significant and ultimately irreducible background that can mimic DM-induced nuclear recoils. We argue that future progress will rely not on a single technology but on a complementary global program combining increased target mass, ultra-low energy thresholds, improved background discrimination, and distinct observables - such as directionality and temporal signatures - to maintain robust discovery capability in the presence of neutrino-induced backgrounds.
Comments67 pages, review manuscript
Journal refProgress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 152 (2027) 104272
DOI：10.1016/j.ppnp.2026.104272
