平坦连接图上的 $st$-输运量子算法
A Quantum Algorithm for $st$-Transport on Flat Connection Graphs
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文提出一种量子算法,在平坦连接图上判定 $st$-连通性并估计态输运的重叠,运行时间 $\widetilde{O}(n/\varepsilon)$,并证明 $\Omega(n)$ 查询下界,表明算法在常数误差下最优。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
我们研究无向 $st$-连通性到边携带量子操作的图的一种推广。设 $G=(V,E)$ 为 $n$ 个顶点上的无向图,其中每条边 $\{u,v\}$ 标记一个酉矩阵 $U_{uv}\in\mathbb{C}^{k\times k}$,且 $U_{vu}=U_{uv}^\dagger$。我们假设这些标记构成一个 \u201c平坦\u201d连接:沿任意一对顶点 $u$ 和 $v$ 之间的任意路径,标记的有序乘积与路径无关。等价地,该连接是纯规范(pure gauge)的,即规范等价于平凡连接;这样的图正是谱图理论中的一致连接图(consistent connection graphs)以及群同步(group synchronization)的无噪声实例。因此,只要 $s$ 和 $t$ 连通,将态从 $s$ 输运到 $t$ 就定义了一个唯一的酉矩阵 $U_s(t)$。给定态 $|\psi_s\rangle,|\psi_t\rangle\in\mathbb{C}^k$ 以及一个预言机,该预言机在相干地应用相应边酉矩阵的同时返回顶点的邻居,$st$-输运问题($st$-transport problem)是判定 $s$ 和 $t$ 是否连通,若连通,则估计 $U_s(t)|\psi_s\rangle$ 与 $|\psi_t\rangle$ 之间的平方重叠,误差为加性误差 $\varepsilon$。当 $k=1$ 且所有标记平凡时,这正是无向 $st$-连通性。我们给出一个 $st$-输运的有界误差量子算法,运行时间为 $\widetilde{O}(n/\varepsilon)$,空间为 $O(\log n+\log k+\log(1/\varepsilon))$。我们通过设计一个换能器(transducer)并对输入图应用 Metropolis-Hastings 重加权来实现这一点。我们还证明了一个 $\Omega(n)$ 的量子查询下界,即使当 $s$ 和 $t$ 被承诺连通时也成立,因此对于常数 $\varepsilon$,我们的算法在多项式对数因子内是最优的。
英文摘要
We study a generalization of undirected $st$-connectivity to graphs whose edges carry quantum operations. Let $G=(V,E)$ be an undirected graph on $n$ vertices in which each edge $\{u,v\}$ is labeled by a unitary $U_{uv}\in\mathbb{C}^{k\times k}$, with $U_{vu}=U_{uv}^\dagger$. We assume the labels form a \emph{flat} connection: the ordered product of labels along any path between a pair of vertices $u$ and $v$ is independent of the path. Equivalently, the connection is pure gauge, i.e., gauge-equivalent to the trivial connection; such graphs are exactly the consistent connection graphs of spectral graph theory and the noiseless instances of group synchronization. Consequently, whenever $s$ and $t$ are connected, transporting a state from $s$ to $t$ defines a unique unitary $U_s(t)$. Given states $|ψ_s\rangle,|ψ_t\rangle\in\mathbb{C}^k$ and an oracle that returns the neighbours of a vertex while coherently applying the corresponding edge unitaries, the \emph{$st$-transport problem} is to decide whether $s$ and $t$ are connected and, if so, to estimate the squared overlap between $U_s(t)|ψ_s\rangle$ and $|ψ_t\rangle$ to additive error $\varepsilon$. When $k=1$ and all labels are trivial, this is exactly undirected $st$-connectivity. We give a bounded-error quantum algorithm for $st$-transport that runs in time $\widetilde{O}(n/\varepsilon)$ and uses $O(\log n+\log k+\log(1/\varepsilon))$ space. We do this by designing a transducer and applying a Metropolis-Hastings reweighting to the input graph. We also prove an $Ω(n)$ quantum query lower bound that holds even when $s$ and $t$ are promised to be connected, so for constant $\varepsilon$ our algorithm is optimal up to polylogarithmic factors.
发表机构
- QuSoft & CWI, Amsterdam(QuSoft 与 荷兰数学和计算机科学研究学会)
- University of Amsterdam(阿姆斯特丹大学)
- QLever
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and L3S Research Center, Leibniz Universität Hannover(汉诺威莱布尼茨大学理论物理研究所及 L3S 研究中心)
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