驱动-耗散光量子流体的集体激发

中文摘要 AI 辅助

在这项工作中，我们概述了过去几十年关于光学腔中驱动-耗散光量子流体的多体物理的理论和实验研究。这些系统由封闭在腔体器件中的大量光子组成，其中空间限制诱导出有限的光子质量，而腔体材料的克尔光学非线性介导了有限的光子-光子相互作用。与物质粒子（如液氦或超冷原子气体）的标准玻色气体不同，光子不可避免地受到辐射和/或非辐射损耗的影响，这些损耗必须通过某种泵浦机制来补偿。因此，稳态的性质不是由热平衡条件决定的，而是由泵浦和损耗之间的动力学相互作用决定的。在这些系统中观察到的众多集体现象中，我们重点关注稳态周围的集体激发，并表征气体的驱动-耗散性质对其特性的影响，特别是对其色散关系的影响。不同的泵浦配置产生非常不同的行为：我们对实验中使用的最重要的配置进行了具体讨论。色散的各种形式——有能隙的、无能隙的、声学型的、能带钉扎的、扩散型戈德斯通模——的可观测后果得到了阐述，特别关注它们对超流性质的影响。我们以介绍几条我们认为在未来几年最令人兴奋的研究途径来结束本文，即光超固体态的同时超流和固态性质的可观测后果，以及强非线性存在下强相互作用光子气体的量子关联态的集体动力学，特别是莫特绝缘体态。

英文摘要

In this work we give an overview on a couple of decades of theoretical and experimental research on the many-body physics of driven-dissipative quantum fluids of light in optical cavities. These systems consist of a large number of photons enclosed in a cavity device where spatial confinement induces a finite photon mass and the Kerr optical nonlinearity of the cavity material mediates finite photon-photon interactions. Differently from standard Bose gases of material particles like liquid Helium or ultracold atomic gases, photons are inevitably subject to radiative and/or non-radiative losses, which must be compensated by some pumping mechanism. As a result, the properties of the steady state are not imposed by a thermal equilibrium condition, but are determined by a dynamical interplay of pumping and losses. Among the many collective phenomena that are observed in these systems, we focus here on the collective excitations around the steady state and we characterize the impact of the driven-dissipative nature of the gas on their properties, in particular on their dispersion relation. Different pumping configurations give very different behaviors: a specific discussion is provided for the most important configurations used in the experiments. Observable consequences of the various forms of the dispersion -gapped, gapless, sonic, band-sticking, diffusive Goldstone- are illustrated with a special eye towards their consequences on the superfluidity properties. We conclude the article with a presentation of a few research avenues that we personally find most exciting for the next years, namely the osbervable consequences of the concurrently superfluid and solid nature of supersolid states of light and the collective dynamics of quantum correlated states of strongly interacting photon gases in the presence of strong nonlinearities, in particular Mott insulator states.

发表机构

• Sorbonne Université（索邦大学）
• CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）
• ENS-PSL Research University（巴黎高等师范学院-巴黎文理研究大学）
• Collège de France（法兰西公学院）
• INO-CNR（意大利国家研究委员会光学研究所）
• Università di Trento（特伦托大学）

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