能量、空间与竞争：骆驼科动物领地组织的模型
Energy, space and competition: A model of territorial organization in camelids
- Centro Atómico Bariloche (CNEA), CONICET（巴里洛切原子中心 (CNEA)，阿根廷国家科学研究委员会）
- Universidad Nacional del Comahue（内乌肯国立大学）
- Instituto Balseiro (Universidad Nacional de Cuyo)（巴尔塞罗研究所 (图库曼国立大学)）
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo（图库曼国立大学）
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro（里奥内格罗国立大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。
AI总结：
本研究构建了骆驼科动物领地组织的空间显式个体模型，揭示体重阈值、资源连通性及对抗成本共同决定领地建立、竞争强度与共存，为代谢尺度与领地性演化提供机制解释。
AI中文摘要：
生态学理论预测，食草动物会采取平衡能量消耗与收益的行为，从而塑造觅食和繁殖的组织方式。在一些野生有蹄类动物（如骆驼科动物）中，雄性会保卫资源丰富的区域以吸引雌性并确保后代的安全，从而导致领地系统的出现。然而，现有的领地模型很少纳入体重与代谢消耗之间已确立的异速生长关系。在本研究中，我们开发了一个空间显式的、基于个体的骆驼科动物领地组织模型，其中雄性行为由包含异速运动消耗、资源获取以及攻击性遭遇的能量风险在内的能量平衡方程所支配。我们表明：（i）一个依赖于体重的阈值决定了哪些个体能够建立并维持领地；（ii）空间资源连通性强烈调节竞争强度和领地不平等性；（iii）对抗成本通过限制领地扩张和促进共存发挥关键稳定作用。我们的结果为代谢尺度、空间结构和社会组织之间提供了机制联系，为有蹄类动物领地性的生态和进化驱动因素提供了新见解。
英文摘要：
Ecological theory predicts that herbivores adopt behaviors that balance energetic costs and benefits, shaping both foraging and reproductive organization. In some wild ungulates, such as camelids, males defend resource-rich areas to attract females and secure their offspring, leading to the emergence of territorial systems. However, existing territorial models rarely incorporate the well-established allometric relationships between body mass and metabolic costs. In this study, we develop a spatially explicit, individual-based model of territorial organization in camelids, in which male behavior is governed by an energy balance equation that includes allometric locomotion costs, resource acquisition, and the energetic risks of aggressive encounters. We show that (i) a body-mass-dependent threshold determines which individuals can establish and maintain territories, (ii) spatial resource connectivity strongly modulates competition intensity and territorial inequality, and (iii) confrontation costs play a key stabilizing role by limiting territorial expansion and promoting coexistence. Our results provide a mechanistic link between metabolic scaling, spatial structure, and social organization, offering new insights into the ecological and evolutionary drivers of territoriality in ungulates.
