人工智能在大型科技企业中的集中及其对欧盟人权的影响
The Concentration of Artificial Intelligence in Big Tech and Its Implications for Human Rights in the European Union
AI总结：
本文探讨大型科技公司对人工智能的集中控制如何形成私人治理，影响欧盟基本权利，并提出结合竞争政策与权利保护措施的建议。
AI中文摘要：
先进人工智能的发展日益集中于一小部分垂直整合的科技公司。这些公司控制着计算基础设施、云服务、数据、基础模型、软件生态系统和分销渠道的组合。本文认为，这种集中将市场力量转化为一种对基本权利行使条件进行私人治理的形式。通过跨学科叙事性综述，本文考察了这种集中如何影响获取机会的平等、隐私、科学自由、工作条件、基本资源的获取、环境保护以及有效救济途径的可得性。来自爱尔兰、英国、美国和智利的数据中心扩张证据，以及关于自动化和集体谈判的研究表明，利益可能被广泛分配，而决策权和经济回报仍然集中。集中本身并不构成权利侵犯，但它增加了依赖性、不透明性、转换成本以及社会和环境成本被外部化的风险。本文得出结论，竞争政策必须与基于权利的影响评估、互操作性、公共研究能力、工人参与以及可执行的审查和救济途径相结合。
英文摘要：
The development of advanced artificial intelligence is increasingly concentrated in a small group of vertically integrated technology companies. These firms control combinations of computing infrastructure, cloud services, data, foundation models, software ecosystems, and channels of distribution. This article argues that such concentration transforms market power into a form of private governance over the conditions in which fundamental rights are exercised. Drawing on an interdisciplinary narrative review, it examines how concentration affects equality of access, privacy, freedom of science, working conditions, access to essential resources, environmental protection, and the availability of effective remedies. Evidence from data-centre expansion in Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Chile, together with studies of automation and collective bargaining, shows that benefits may be widely distributed while decision-making power and economic returns remain concentrated. Concentration does not itself establish a rights violation, but it increases dependency, opacity, switching costs, and the risk that social and environmental costs are externalised. The article concludes that competition policy must be combined with rights-based impact assessment, interoperability, public research capacity, worker participation, and enforceable access to review and remedy.
