发表机构
Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics; CNRS; Sorbonne University; Sciences, Norms, Democracy; Sorbonne Center for Artificial Intelligence; Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics; Uppsala University; Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Research Institute（智能系统与机器人研究所; 法国国家科学研究中心; 索邦大学; 科学、规范与民主研究所; 索邦人工智能中心; 研究伦理与生物伦理中心; 乌普萨拉大学; Biogem生物学与分子遗传学研究所）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文综述了大型语言模型时代AI人类化的理论、风险与缓解策略，提出涵盖二十一项关切的五类风险分类法，并强调语言塑造对理解AI及社会角色的重要性。
AI 中文摘要
大型语言模型（LLMs）以及更广泛的人工智能（AI）系统常常被以拟人化的术语来描述和理解，这一现象被称为“人类化”（anthropomorphism）。本文对人工智能领域中关于人类化的近期文献进行了综合梳理，涵盖了理论框架、语言在将AI塑造为类人形象中的作用、将机器人类化的各种风险以及缓解这些问题的策略。在探讨了我们为何倾向于将AI系统人类化以及我们这样做是否正确之后，我们强调了语言框架对人类化的影响。随后，我们引入了一个与AI人类化相关风险的概念性分类法。该分类法将二十一项关切归入五个分析类别：认知风险、情感风险、人类能动性风险、规范风险以及社会与制度风险。最后，我们将这些关切与在设计、沟通、教育和治理方面提出的干预措施联系起来。我们认为，要更好地理解AI系统，需要基于其组织和已展示能力的概念和理论。拟人化感知的语言塑造应成为这一科学努力的一部分，因为我们的描述既影响这些系统被理解的方式，也影响我们允许它们在社会中扮演的角色。
英文摘要
Large Language Models (LLMs) and more broadly Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are often described and understood in human-like terms, a phenomenon known as anthropomorphism. This paper provides a synthesis of recent literature on anthropomorphism in AI, covering theoretical frameworks, the role of language in framing AI as human-like, the various risks of anthropomorphizing machines, and strategies to mitigate these issues. After examining why we tend to anthropomorphize AI systems and whether we are right to do so, we highlight the impact of linguistic framing on anthropomorphism. Then, we introduce a conceptual taxonomy of risks associated with AI anthropomorphism. This taxonomy groups twenty-one concerns within five analytical categories: epistemic, affective, human agency, normative, and societal and institutional risks. Finally, we relate these concerns to proposed interventions in design, communication, education, and governance. We argue that a better understanding of AI systems requires concepts and theories grounded in their organization and demonstrated capacities. The linguistic shaping of anthropomorphic perceptions should form part of this scientific effort, since our descriptions influence both how these systems are understood and the roles we allow them to occupy in society.
Comments35 pages, 1 box, 1 figure
