发表机构
Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington; College of Business, Florida International University; Kelley School of Business, Indiana University（华盛顿大学迈克尔·G·福斯特商学院; 佛罗里达国际大学商学院; 印第安纳大学凯利商学院）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究通过分析73个由学生用Lovable生成的促销网站，发现氛围编码导致视觉设计趋同，且用户主观体验与客观独特性脱节，提出“作者性无知”概念及融合结果、过程与感知的测量策略。
AI 中文摘要
氛围编码系统能将自然语言指令转化为已部署的网站，但关于在共享生产环境下所产生设计的多样性，我们知之甚少。我们研究了73个由研究生使用Lovable为不同真实企业创建的促销网站，这些网站是在一项奖励原创设计的评分作业下完成的。我们使用DINOv3嵌入表示每个首页，并分析成对余弦相似度、有效多样性和描述性聚类结构。一个具有代表性的UMAP--HDBSCAN规范将88%的网站分配到六个可解释的聚类中，而敏感性分析则产生三到十二个聚类。在包含九个录音的过程子样本中，初步的AI辅助编码记录了重复出现的生成-检查行为、将口头意图不完整地转化为提示词，以及很少对原创性进行明确评估。在调查受访者中，感知的人类控制、满意度和感知质量与基于嵌入的群体非典型性之间没有可检测的关联。这些结果记录了群体内视觉集中性以及主观体验与分布独特性之间的不匹配。我们将这种状况称为“作者性无知”。除了早期证据表明生成式生产的集体成本已波及视觉设计之外，我们还贡献了一种将结果、过程和感知相结合用于交互式工件的测量策略，以及从原创性反馈到刻意摩擦的设计启示。
英文摘要
Vibe-coding systems turn natural-language instructions into deployed websites, but little is known about the diversity of designs produced within a shared production context. We study 73 promotional websites created by graduate students with Lovable for distinct real businesses under a graded assignment that rewarded original design. We represent each homepage using DINOv3 embeddings and analyze pairwise cosine similarity, effective diversity, and descriptive cluster structure. A representative UMAP--HDBSCAN specification assigns 88\% of sites to six interpretable clusters, while sensitivity analyses yield between three and twelve clusters. In a process subsample of nine recordings, preliminary AI-assisted coding documents recurring generate-and-check behavior, incomplete transmission of verbalized intentions into prompts, and infrequent explicit evaluation of originality. Among survey respondents, perceived human control, satisfaction, and perceived quality show no detectable association with embedding-based cohort atypicality. These results document within-cohort visual concentration and a mismatch between subjective experience and distributional distinctiveness. We call this condition authored ignorance. Alongside early evidence that the collective cost of generative production reaches visual design, we contribute a measurement strategy that joins outcome, process, and perception for interactive artifacts, and design implications running from originality feedback to deliberate friction.
