发表机构
Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Hirosaki University; Institute for Environmental Sciences（麻省理工学院; 劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室; 弘前大学; 环境科学研究所）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
该研究综合评估了裂变与聚变能源系统中氚的生成、释放途径及环境影响，发现排放受电厂策略主导且低于监管限值，FLiBe系统可能增加氚迁移性，但整体致癌风险低于化石燃料发电。
AI 中文摘要
氚是天然存在的氢放射性同位素，是一种低能β发射体，其健康意义在于内照射。聚变能源系统的预期部署预计将显著增加氚的产生量。在此，我们对现有和新兴核技术中的氚生成、释放途径及由此产生的环境浓度进行了综合评估。我们首先根据监测报告和文献编制了氚产生与释放的综合数据库。对轻水堆运行数据的分析表明，氚排放水平和释放途径主要受电厂特定策略控制，而非反应堆功率或设计参数。这一模式反映了行业运行实践和努力，排放量仍远低于监管限值。我们的综合分析进一步表明，基于FLiBe（Li2BeF4）的系统可能通过增强氚化氢的渗透而增加氚的产生和迁移性，尽管已有缓解策略可进一步限制排放。环境迁移模拟表明，在适当的选址条件下，由此产生的氚浓度仍低于监管阈值。此外，比较风险分析表明，相关的致癌影响预计低于基于化石燃料的发电。总之，这些发现证明了综合监测框架对于在不同能源系统中情境化和管理常规流出物排放的重要性。
英文摘要
Tritium is a naturally occurring radioactive isotope of hydrogen; a low-energy beta emitter with its health significance through internal exposure. The anticipated deployment of fusion energy systems is expected to increase tritium production significantly. Here we present an integrated assessment of tritium generation, release pathways, and resulting environmental concentrations across existing and emerging nuclear technologies. We first compile a comprehensive database of tritium production and releases from monitoring reports and literature. Analysis of light-water-reactor operating data shows that tritium discharge levels and release pathways are governed mainly by plant-specific strategies rather than reactor power or design parameters. This pattern reflects industry operating practices and efforts, with releases remaining well below regulatory limits. Our synthesis further indicates that FLiBe-based (Li2BeF4) systems may increase tritium production and mobility through enhanced permeation of tritiated hydrogen, although mitigation strategies are available to further limit emissions. Environmental transport modeling suggests that, under appropriate siting conditions, resulting tritium concentrations remain below regulatory thresholds. Furthermore, comparative risk analysis indicates that the associated carcinogenic impacts are expected to be lower than those from fossil-fuel-based power generation. Together, these findings demonstrate the importance of a comprehensive monitoring framework for contextualizing and managing routine effluent releases across energy systems.
