人工原子与自然原子：多体薛定谔方程产生涌现行为的非凡能力
Artificial versus Natural Atoms: The uncanny capability of the many-body Schrödinger equation to produce emergent behavior
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- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院物理学院）
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文综述人工原子中维格纳分子的形成及其量子效应，指出多体薛定谔方程在强关联下可产生涌现行为，为量子信息与分数量子霍尔效应提供新视角。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
本文综述了过去25年在理解人工原子和分子新奇物理方面的理论与实验进展，这些物理源于局域化（程度或强或弱）费米子或玻色子粒子形成的维格纳分子（WMs），它们是更熟悉的体相维格纳晶体的有限量子类似物。这里所用的人工原子一词涵盖了近期制造的一系列量子纳米器件和实验装置，这些器件由有限数量的相互排斥的受限粒子组成，包括二维半导体和莫尔过渡金属二硫化物量子点，以及囚禁的超冷中性原子或离子。这些纳米或微米尺寸的人工器件和装置（位于单阱或多阱可变形状排列中）在量子信息和量子计算机领域的技术应用以及基础多体物理的进展方面具有巨大前景。维格纳分子化的显著量子效应包括：谱能隙的强烈淬灭、转动振动谱的出现（与自然分子类比）、纠缠以及由外部扰动引起的钉扎。在高磁场或快速旋转条件下，维格纳分子为分数量子霍尔效应提供了另一种理论。研究表明，维格纳分子的物理源于多体薛定谔方程（MBSE）在强粒子间关联区域（由势能主导动能或高磁场或快速旋转引起）的解。
英文摘要
The paper reviews the theoretical and experimental progress achieved in the last 25 years in understanding the novel physics of artificial atoms and molecules as arising from the formation of Wigner molecules (WMs) of localized (to a stronger or lesser extent) fermionic or bosonic particles, which are finite quantum analogs of the more familiar bulk Wigner crystal. The term artificial atoms, as used here, encompasses a broad range of recently fabricated quantum nanodevices and experimental apparatuses consisting of a finite number of mutually repelling confined particles, including two-dimensional semiconductor and moiré transition metal dichalcogenide quantum dots, as well as trapped ultracold neutral atoms or ions. These nano-sized or micro-sized artificial devices and apparatuses (in single well or multi-well of variable-shape arrangements) hold a great promise for technological applications in the field of quantum information and quantum computers, as well as for advances in fundamental many-body physics. Prominent quantum effects of Wigner molecularization are the strong quenching of the spectral energy gaps, the appearance of rovibational spectra (in analogy with natural molecules), entanglement, and pinning due to an external perturbation. In high magnetic fields or at rapid rotation, WMs provide an alternative theory to the fractional quantum Hall effect. The physics of Wigner molecules is shown to derive from the solutions of the many-body Schrödinger equation (MBSE) in the regime of strong interparticle correlations arising from the dominance of the potential over the kinetic energy, or from a high magnetic field, as well as from a rapid rotation... (continues in the paper).
