发表机构
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität zu Köln; Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems; School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin（科隆大学理论物理研究所; 马克斯·普朗克复杂系统物理研究所; 都柏林三一学院物理学院）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究从微观模型出发，证明开放系统OTOC动力学存在超越Lindblad的额外贡献，并利用该扩展形式通过耗散边界数值研究大型封闭系统的信息扰乱。
AI 中文摘要
时间有序关联函数（OTOCs）是量子混沌和量子信息扰乱的有力探针。虽然Lindblad形式常用于描述开放系统中的OTOCs，但在时间有序关联函数层面上，微观机制导致Lindblad方程的事实并不必然证明该方法在OTOC层面上同样适用。从子系统与随机浴耦合的微观模型出发，我们展示了由此产生的OTOC动力学相比标准Lindblad方法包含一个额外的贡献。该贡献由不同副本之间的关联引起，使得底层幺正动力学的关键性质（如长时间自由性）得以保留，并能更忠实地捕获信息扰乱。作为应用，我们展示了这一扩展形式可用于通过将系统的一部分替换为耗散边界来数值研究大型封闭系统中的OTOCs，从而提供一种研究超出直接可访问系统尺寸的算子扩展和高阶关联的方法。
英文摘要
Out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOCs) provide a powerful probe of quantum chaos and scrambling. While the Lindblad formalism is often used to describe OTOCs in open systems, microscopic mechanisms that give rise to the Lindblad equation at the level of time-ordered correlation functions do not necessarily justify this approach at the level of OTOCs. Starting from a microscopic model of a subsystem coupled to a random bath, we show that the resulting OTOC dynamics contains an additional contribution compared to the standard Lindblad approach. This contribution, induced by correlations between different replicas, allows key properties of the underlying unitary dynamics such as long-time freeness to be retained and information scrambling to be captured more faithfully. As an application, we show that this extended formalism can be used to numerically study OTOCs in large closed systems by replacing part of the system with a dissipative boundary, offering a way to study operator spreading and higher-order correlations beyond directly accessible system sizes.
CommentsMain and Supplemental Material, 18 pages, 4 figures
