发表机构
Observatoire de Genève, Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genève; Institut Trottier de recherche sur les exoplanètes, Département de Physique, Université de Montréal; Department of Physics & Astronomy, McMaster University; Origins Institute, McMaster University; Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic; Departamento de Física Teórica e Experimental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG(日内瓦天文台,天文学系,日内瓦大学; 特罗蒂埃系外行星研究所,物理系,蒙特利尔大学; 麦克马斯特大学物理与天文学系; 麦克马斯特大学起源研究所; 蒙梅甘蒂克天文台; 北里奥格兰德联邦大学理论与实验物理学系; 格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学,法国国家科学研究中心,IPAG)
机构由 AI 辅助整理,请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究利用TESS、LCOGT、ExTrA和NIRPS数据,通过贝叶斯分析确认了M4矮星TOI-210周围的温带亚海王星TOI-210 b,并发现其内部可能存在两颗非凌星行星候选体。
AI 中文摘要
超级地球和亚海王星在系外行星种群中占主导地位,但它们的组成、形成机制以及保持大气层的能力仍然知之甚少。M型恒星因其有利的行星与恒星半径比和质量比以及它们所拥有的行星系统的多样性,为研究这些问题提供了独特的机会。我们旨在描述M4矮星TOI-210的行星系统特征,TESS在其主要任务期间在该系统中识别出一颗凌星系外行星候选体,周期为$P=9.01$天。我们结合了多种技术观测,包括来自TESS 40个扇区的凌星数据以及LCOGT和ExTrA的地面后续观测,以及作为NIRPS保证时间观测计划一部分获得的径向速度(RV)数据。这些数据使用贝叶斯框架进行分析,以约束恒星、行星和轨道参数。我们确认了TOI-210 b,一颗温带亚海王星($T_{\rm eq} = 368 \pm 9$ K),质量为6.75 $\pm$ 1.25 M$_{\oplus}$,半径为2.234 $\pm$ 0.074 R$_{\oplus}$。其体密度暗示了富含挥发物的组成,要么是质量分数约为1%的延伸H/He大气层(气体矮行星),要么是包含至少29%质量的大量水储库(2$\sigma$下限;水世界),或者两者的混合。NIRPS径向速度数据显示出中等证据($\Delta \ln Z = 5.9$),表明在TOI-210 b内侧存在至少一颗非凌星系外行星。在定向搜索中,我们识别出两个开普勒信号,周期分别为2.15天和3.76天,最小质量分别为3.2 $\pm$ 0.8 M$_{\oplus}$和4.4 $\pm$ 1.0 M$_{\oplus}$,这些信号为观测到的径向速度变化提供了合理的解释。如果这些信号是行星,TESS测光中缺乏凌星现象意味着它们与TOI-210 b的相互轨道倾角大于2.3-3.5$^{\circ}$。
英文摘要
Super-Earths and sub-Neptunes dominate the exoplanet population, yet their compositions, formation mechanisms, and capability of retaining atmospheres remain poorly understood. M-type stars offer a unique opportunity to investigate these questions, thanks to their favorable planet-to-star radius and mass ratios and the diversity of planetary systems they host. We aim to characterise the planetary system of the M4 dwarf TOI-210, in which TESS during its primary mission identified one transiting exoplanet candidate at $P= 9.01$ days. We combine multi-technique observations, including transits from 40 sectors of TESS and ground-based follow-up with LCOGT and ExTrA, and radial velocities (RV) from NIRPS obtained as part of its Guaranteed Time Observations program. These data were analysed using a Bayesian framework to constrain stellar, planetary, and orbital parameters. We confirm TOI-210 b, a temperate sub-Neptune ($T_{\rm eq} = 368 \pm 9$ K) with a mass of 6.75 $\pm$ 1.25 M$_{\oplus}$ and a radius of 2.234 $\pm$ 0.074 R$_{\oplus}$. Its bulk density implies a volatile-rich composition, either as an extended H/He atmosphere with mass fraction of approximately 1% (gas dwarf), a substantial water reservoir comprising at least 29% of the mass (2$σ$ lower limit; water world), or a mixture of both. The NIRPS RVs show moderate evidence ($Δ\ln Z = 5.9$) for at least one non-transiting exoplanet interior to TOI-210 b. In a targeted search, we identify two Keplerian signals at 2.15 and 3.76 days, with minimum masses of 3.2 $\pm$ 0.8 M$_{\oplus}$ and 4.4 $\pm$ 1.0 M$_{\oplus}$, respectively, that provide a plausible explanation for the observed RV variations. If these signals are planets, the absence of transits in the TESS photometry implies mutual inclinations with TOI-210 b above 2.3-3.5$^{\circ}$.
Comments23 pages, 15 figures, and 7 tables. Submitted to A&A; currently under minor revision