深度学习探测到的 $z \sim 3.4$ 原星系团中的多样金属丰度
Diverse Metallicities in Protoclusters at $z \sim 3.4$ detected by Deep Learning
浏览论文内容
中文总结 AI 辅助
本研究利用深度学习模型PCFNet确认了四个z~3.4的原星系团,发现其恒星形成速率密度高于宇宙平均值,且金属丰度多样,揭示了环境对星系演化的影响。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
我们展示了使用斯巴鲁望远镜/MOIRCS 对由深度学习模型 PCFNet 识别出的四个原星系团候选区域进行的后续光谱观测。在三个候选区域中,我们确认了四个位于 $z =$ 3.316、3.403、3.408 和 3.425 的原星系团,其星系密度峰值超过均匀分布的五倍。确认成员的探测率与 PCFNet 的预测一致,凸显了其有效性。对光谱能量分布(SED)的分析,结合多达十个测光波段 $(uu^*grizyJHK)$,揭示出原星系团成员位于恒星形成主序上。根据成员星系的最大恒星质量,估计了原星系团中最庞大暗晕的质量,得到 $\log M_\mathrm{halo}/M_\odot=12.4$-$12.8$,这与该红移处宇宙学模拟的预测一致,并且与典型本地星系团的前身($M_\mathrm{halo}^{z=0}\sim10^{14}M_\odot$)相当。基于 PCFNet 的原星系团成员概率,使用 Voronoi 镶嵌蒙特卡洛技术,我们发现我们的原星系团表现出显著高于 $z\sim3.4$ 处宇宙恒星形成速率密度(SFRD)的恒星形成速率密度。根据 [Oiii]/H$\beta$ 发射线比率,两个原星系团显示出略高($1.4$-$2\sigma$)于场星系的平均金属丰度,而其他原星系团在统计上与场星系一致。这些多样的金属丰度突显了 PCFNet 探测到的原星系团内的环境效应,可能反映了富含金属的气体循环与贫金属的气体流入之间复杂的对立相互作用,这可能取决于每个原星系团周围的环境。这项工作展示了 PCFNet 揭示高红移原星系团多样样本的能力,为更全面地理解它们在星系演化中的作用铺平了道路。
英文摘要
We present spectroscopic follow-up observations with Subaru/MOIRCS of four protocluster candidate regions identified by the deep-learning model PCFNet. In three candidate regions, we confirm four protoclusters at $z =$ 3.316, 3.403, 3.408 and 3.425, exhibiting galaxy density peaks over five times the uniform distribution. The detection rate of confirmed members aligns with PCFNet's predictions, underscoring its effectiveness. Analysis of spectral energy distributions (SEDs), incorporating up to ten photometric bands $(uu^*grizyJHK)$, reveals that protocluster members lie on the star-formation main sequence. The masses of the most massive halos in the protoclusters are estimated from the most massive stellar mass of the member galaxies, yielding $\log M_\mathrm{halo}/M_\odot=12.4$-$12.8$, which are consistent with those at this redshift predicted by cosmological simulations and are comparable to those of the progenitors of typical local clusters ($M_\mathrm{halo}^{z=0}\sim10^{14}M_\odot$). Using the Voronoi Tessellation Monte Carlo technique based on the probability of protocluster membership from PCFNet, we find that our protoclusters exhibit a significantly higher SFRD than the cosmic SFRD at $z\sim3.4$. Based on the [Oiii]/H$β$ emission line ratio, two protoclusters show marginally ($1.4$-$2σ$) higher average metallicities than the field, while the other protoclusters are statistically consistent with the field. These diverse metallicities highlight the environmental impact within protoclusters detected by PCFNet, likely reflecting the complex opposing interplay between metal-rich gas recycling and metal-poor gas inflow, which may depend on the surrounding environment of each protocluster. This work demonstrates PCFNet's capability to unveil diverse samples of high-redshift protoclusters, paving the way for a more comprehensive understanding of their role in galaxy evolution.
发表机构
- The University of Tokyo(东京大学)
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)(宇宙黎明中心 (DAWN))
- Technical University of Denmark(丹麦技术大学)
- University of Hyogo(兵库大学)
- Tohoku University(东北大学)
- Kwansei Gakuin University(关西学院大学)
- Carnegie Institution for Science(卡内基科学机构)
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台)
机构由 AI 辅助整理,请以论文原文为准。