基于逆变器的资源可实现惯性常数的研究
On the Achievable Inertia Constant of Inverter Based Resources
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文推导了基于逆变器资源惯性贡献的闭式界限，提出统一包络和二维惯性能力曲线，为电网规划提供新工具。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
随着基于逆变器的资源（IBRs）取代同步发电机，它们实际能为电网贡献的惯性成为关键的规划参数。与同步电机不同，这种贡献同时受到可用能量储备、结合电压穿越（VRT）义务的变流器额定功率，以及具有激活延迟的惯性仿真控制方案的限制。本文以闭式形式推导了每个界限，并将它们组合成一个统一包络 $\Heff(t,\lambda,V_g)=\min(\HE,\HP,\HC)$，该包络使用系统运营商可获取的参数来量化电站在给定负载率 $\lambda$、电网电压 $V_g$ 和扰动后时间 $t$ 下能提供的惯性量。分析表明，在低于负载相关的临界电压时，VRT 无功电流优先不会为惯性功率注入留有有功电流裕度；变流器过载比 $\kappa$ 主要在电压跌落期间起作用；减载产生线性、可量化的惯性增益，而配置储能（ESS）则消除了源耦合约束，使得带储能的电网跟随（GFL）和电网形成（GFM）电站在激活后等效，但在短 RoCoF 测量窗口内受 GFL 激活延迟折扣影响。在 IEEE 9 节点系统上的仿真验证了该框架，并促使提出二维惯性能力曲线 $H(\lambda,V_{g,\min})$，作为类似于同步发电机 P-Q 图的电网规范工具。
英文摘要
As inverter-based resources (IBRs) displace synchronous generators, the inertia they can actually contribute to the grid becomes a critical planning parameter. Unlike synchronous machines, this contribution is bounded simultaneously by the available energy reserve, the converter power rating combined with voltage ride-through (VRT) obligations, and the inertia-emulation control scheme with its activation delay. This paper derives each bound in closed form and combines them into a unified envelope $\Heff(t,λ,V_g)=\min(\HE,\HP,\HC)$, which uses parameters accessible to the system operator to quantify how much inertia a plant can provide at a given loading $λ$, grid voltage $V_g$, and time $t$ after a disturbance. The analysis shows that below a loading-dependent critical voltage, VRT reactive-current priority does not leave active-current headroom for inertial power injection; that the converter overload ratio $κ$ matters mainly during voltage dips; and that de-loading yields a linear, quantifiable inertia gain, while collocated energy storage (ESS) removes the source-coupling constraint, making grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) plants with storage equivalent post-activation, up to the GFL activation-delay discount within short RoCoF measurement windows. Simulations on the IEEE 9-bus system confirm the framework and motivate a two-dimensional inertia capability curve $H(λ,V_{g,\min})$ as a grid-code instrument analogous to the P--Q diagram of synchronous generators.
发表机构
- National Technical University of Athens（雅典国立技术大学）
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)（麻省理工学院）
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