基于逆变器资源主导电力系统中惯性评估的频率测量实践
Frequency Measurement Practices for Inertia Assessment in Inverter Based Resources Dominated Power Systems
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- National Technical University of Athens（雅典国立技术大学）
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)（麻省理工学院）
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文针对逆变器主导电力系统，定义窗口惯性估计量并推导精确恒等式与闭式预测，通过IEEE 9节点和希腊电网仿真证明快速频率响应会高估惯性，使运营商可理解测量结果。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
输电系统运营商和继电保护装置根据标准与电网规范，从数十至数百毫秒时间窗内的频率平均值计算频率变化率（RoCoF）。在该时间窗内交付的任何响应都会降低测得的RoCoF，因此推断出的惯性取决于时间窗及在运的响应。本文定义了窗口惯性估计量，并推导出一个精确恒等式：系统惯性除以一减去窗口内交付的扰动能量比例；同时给出一个闭式预测，将同一估计器应用于线性响应模型的轨迹。该模型复现了11次IEEE 9节点RMS仿真，涵盖同步、跟网型和构网型配置、扰动大小及参数扫描，且该恒等式在实测响应功率上闭合。快速频率响应对估计值的放大作用最为显著：在500毫秒时间窗下，同步惯性减少20%的跟网型系统报告的估计值与全同步系统相同，而构网型系统报告的估计值更高。在简化的希腊输电系统上，500毫秒估计值超出惯性17%至26%，且同步惯性减少10%的场景报告的估计值高于全同步场景的惯性。因此，运营商可以计算其测量所报告的内容。
英文摘要
Transmission system operators and protective relays compute the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) from frequency averaged over tens to hundreds of milliseconds, as standards and grid codes specify. Any response delivered inside that window lowers the measured RoCoF, so the inferred inertia depends on the window and the responses in service. This paper defines the windowed inertia estimate and derives an exact identity the system inertia divided by one minus the fraction of the disturbance energy delivered inside the window and a closed-form prediction that applies the same estimator to the trajectory of a linear response model. Eleven IEEE 9-bus RMS runs synchronous, grid-following and grid-forming configurations, disturbance sizes and parameter sweeps are reproduced by that model, and the identity closes on the measured response powers. Fast frequency response inflates the estimate most: at 500 ms a grid-following system with 20 % less synchronous inertia reports the same value as the all-synchronous system, the grid-forming system a higher one. On a reduced Greek transmission system the 500ms estimate exceeds the inertia by 17-26%, and a scenario with 10% less synchronous inertia reports more than the all-synchronous scenario's inertia. Operators can thus compute what their measurement reports.
