带强制休息的调度:NP-难性与加一近似
Scheduling with Mandatory Breaks: NP-Hardness and an Additive-One Approximation
- International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore(印度理工学院班加罗尔分校)
机构由 AI 辅助整理,请以论文原文为准。
AI总结:
针对带固定长度强制休息的区间调度问题,证明当休息长度≥2时机器最小化是强NP-难的,并给出休息长度为1时的精确多项式算法,以及通用加一近似算法,该加一保证在P≠NP下是最优的。
AI中文摘要:
在经典的固定区间调度中,给定集合中的每个作业必须在规定的时间间隔内被处理。目标是将每个作业分配给恰好一台机器,使得分配给同一台机器的任意两个作业在其内部不重叠,并且所使用的机器数量最小化。在没有进一步约束的情况下,这等价于区间图着色,并可通过贪心方法在多项式时间内求解。我们研究了一个变体,其中每台使用的机器必须在调度时间范围内的某个位置保持一段连续的、长度固定为 $x$ 的“休息”时间。我们证明这一额外约束使得问题变得困难,除非 $x\le 1$。首先,对于每个固定的 $x\ge 2$,判断给定作业集合的分配是否可以用 $k$ 台机器完成是 NP-完全的,即使所有坐标都随作业数量线性有界,因此机器最小化是强 NP-难的。其次,对于 $x=1$,我们给出了一个多项式时间算法,精确解决该问题。最后,我们给出一个确定性多项式时间算法,对每个可行实例,输出一个使用至多 $\OPT+1$ 台机器的调度,其中 $\OPT$ 是真正的最小值。除非 $\mathrm{P}=\mathrm{NP}$,否则对于任何固定的 $x\ge 2$,没有多项式时间算法能保证使用 $\OPT$ 台机器,因此加一的保证是最优的。
英文摘要:
In classical fixed-interval scheduling, each job of a given set must be processed during a prescribed time interval. The goal is to assign each job to exactly one machine such that no two jobs assigned to the same machine overlap in their interiors, and the number of machines used is minimized. Without further constraints this is interval graph coloring and is solvable in polynomial time through greedy approaches. We study a variant in which every used machine must remain idle during a contiguous \emph{break} of prescribed length $x$ somewhere in the scheduling horizon. We show that this additional constraint makes the problem hard, except when $x\le1$. First, for every fixed $x\ge2$, deciding whether $k$ machines suffice for the assignment of a given set of jobs is NP-complete, even when all coordinates are bounded linearly in the number of jobs, so machine minimization is strongly NP-hard. Second, for $x=1$, we give a polynomial-time algorithm that solves the problem exactly. Finally, we give a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm that, on every feasible instance, outputs a schedule using at most $\OPT+1$ machines, where $\OPT$ is the true minimum. Unless $\mathrm{P}=\mathrm{NP}$, no polynomial-time algorithm guarantees $\OPT$ machines for any fixed $x\ge2$, so the additive guarantee of one is best possible.