发表机构
Drexel University; Idaho National Laboratory（德雷塞尔大学; 爱达荷国家实验室）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究提出一种应用无关的FPGA电磁侧信道分析方法，通过确定性有限状态机表征时钟资源对辐射的影响，并利用统计指标识别高活动点，发现资源利用率提升显著增加辐射点。
AI 中文摘要
电磁侧信道已被广泛用于非侵入式攻击或分析中，以从部署系统中提取关键信息。大多数攻击或分析通常针对密码算法执行，并假设底层实现保持不变。该假设在固定硬件的情况下是有效的，因为制造后不会对电路进行修改。然而，对于自适应硬件（包括现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）），该假设不再成立，因为制造后允许对阵列配置进行修改。因此，本研究通过确定性有限状态机（DFSMs）引入了一种分析FPGA电磁侧信道的方法，其中表征了布局、布线和工作频率对FPGA因所用时钟资源而产生的电磁辐射的影响。为了分析频率、器件布局和资源分配对FPGA电磁辐射的影响，利用包括测量电磁场均值差和方差差计算在内的统计分析，在一组采样点网格上识别高电磁活动点。当所用时钟资源百分比从25%增加到90%时，在均值差分析中观察到标记网格点增加了1.32倍。类似地，对于相同的时钟资源增加，在计算方差差时观察到标记网格点增加了1.39倍。
英文摘要
Electromagnetic side channels have been extensively utilized in non-invasive attacks or analyses to extract critical information from deployed systems. Most of the attacks or analyses are typically executed on cryptographic algorithms under the assumption that the underlying implementation remains fixed. The assumption is valid in the context of fixed hardware, where modifications to the circuit are not made after manufacturing. However, in the case of adaptive hardware, including field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), the assumption no longer holds as modifications to the configuration of the array are permitted post-manufacturing. Consequently, this study introduces a methodology for the analysis of electromagnetic side channels of an FPGA through the study of deterministic finite state machines (DFSMs), where the effects of placement, routing, and operating frequency on the EM emanations of the FPGA due to the utilized clocking resources are characterized. To analyze the impact of frequency, device placement, and resource allocation on the EM emanations from the FPGA, statistical analysis including mean difference and variance difference calculations of measured EM fields were utilized to identify points of high EM activity on a set grid of sampled points. A 1.32x increase in flagged grid points was observed in the analysis of the mean difference when the percentage of utilized clock resources was increased from 25% to 90%. Similarly, a 1.39x increase in flagged grid points was observed when the variance difference was calculated for the same increase in clock resources.
Comments8 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, conference
