发表机构
Nanyang Technological University; Tsinghua University（南洋理工大学; 清华大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究提出环境界面概念，通过自动驾驶座舱实验证明环境条件可作为人机交互界面，感知氛围解释66.5%体验方差，且嗅觉影响强于视觉，并预测对系统的信任。
AI 中文摘要
随着人工智能日益承担操作控制，人机交互正从通过显式界面操作系统转向栖居于智能环境。这引发了一个根本性问题：当用户不再直接操控系统时，什么在调解他们与智能技术之间的关系？我们引入了环境界面：通过环境性、整体性和评价性路径而非显式功能交互来塑造人机关系的设计环境条件。以自动驾驶座舱作为揭示性场景，我们开展了一项受试者内实验，涉及24名参与者（216项观察），在模拟自动驾驶环境中操纵光照和气味。出现了三项发现。首先，感知氛围解释了整体旅程体验方差的66.5%，表明环境条件可以充当界面，而不仅仅是辅助设计元素。其次，多感官处理遵循层级架构：个体感官评价最初独立，而跨模态整合出现在更高阶的环境评价中。第三，嗅觉刺激对情感反应和体验评价的影响强于视觉刺激，挑战了汽车交互设计的视觉主导性。环境质量和感官一致性也预测了对自动驾驶系统的信任，表明乘客在难以直接评估AI能力时，可能利用环境线索作为代理信号。这些发现确立了环境界面作为一种独特的交互模态，并指向从设计用于操作智能系统的界面转向设计用于栖居它们的环境的更广泛转变。
英文摘要
As AI increasingly assumes operational control, human-computer interaction is shifting from operating systems through explicit interfaces to inhabiting intelligent environments. This raises a fundamental question: when users no longer directly manipulate a system, what mediates their relationship with intelligent technologies? We introduce environmental interfaces: designed environmental conditions that shape human-AI relationships through ambient, holistic, and evaluative pathways rather than explicit functional interaction. Using autonomous vehicle cabins as a revealing context, we conducted a within-subject experiment with 24 participants (216 observations), manipulating lighting and scent in a simulated autonomous driving environment. Three findings emerged. First, perceived atmosphere accounted for 66.5% of the variance in overall journey experience, showing that environmental conditions can function as an interface rather than merely a supporting design element. Second, multisensory processing followed a hierarchical architecture: individual sensory appraisals were initially independent, while cross-modal integration emerged during higher-order environmental evaluation. Third, olfactory stimuli influenced affective responses and experience evaluation more strongly than visual stimuli, challenging the visual dominance of automotive interaction design. Environmental quality and sensory congruency also predicted trust in the autonomous system, suggesting that passengers may use environmental cues as proxy signals when direct assessment of AI competence is difficult. These findings establish environmental interfaces as a distinct interaction modality and point to a broader transition from designing interfaces for operating intelligent systems to designing environments for inhabiting them.
