发表机构
TU Dresden; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics; Univ. Lille, CNRS, ONERA, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology; University of Luxembourg（德累斯顿工业大学; 马克斯·普朗克分子细胞生物学与遗传学研究所; 里尔大学、法国国家科学研究中心、法国航空航天实验室、巴黎国立高等工艺学院; 卢森堡大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究通过合成运动球体实验系统，首次实现集体运动的时间分辨功率预算，发现有序转变提高运动效率并重组耗散路径，据此构建可对外做功的主动引擎。
AI 中文摘要
运动型活性物质系统，从动物群体到合成粒子，在无序和有序集体状态之间表现出自发的自组织转变。这些转变由持续的能量注入驱动，然而由于测量单个能量通量的挑战，这些转变过程中能量消耗和耗散如何变化仍知之甚少。在此，我们引入了一个由合成运动球体组成的极简实验系统，首次实现了集体运动的时间分辨功率预算表征。我们表明，向有序状态的转变伴随着运动效率的提高和耗散路径的重组，将耗散从内部摩擦转移到与环境的外部滑动。利用这种能量重组，我们构建了一个由集体运动驱动的主动引擎，能够对外部负载做功。这些发现将能量通量确立为理解集体状态转变的定量观测量，并展示了如何利用集体有序在活性物质中进行功提取。
英文摘要
Motile active matter systems, from animal groups to synthetic particles, exhibit spontaneous self-organized transitions between disordered and ordered collective states. These transitions are driven by continuous energy injection, yet how energy consumption and dissipation change during these transitions remains poorly understood due to the challenge of measuring individual energetic fluxes. Here, we introduce a minimal experimental system of synthetic motile spheres that enables the first time-resolved power-budget characterization of collective motion. We show that the transition to an ordered state is accompanied by increased locomotion efficiency and a reorganization of dissipation pathways, shifting dissipation from internal friction to external slip with the environment. Leveraging this energetic reorganization, we construct an active engine powered by collective motion, capable of performing mechanical work against an external load. These findings establish energetic fluxes as quantitative observables for understanding collective state transitions and demonstrate how collective order can be harnessed for work extraction in active matter.
